566 . MOt'ND EXPLORATIONS. 



were surmounted by stakes or supported a woodeu fence" or sQreen of 

 some' kind. The fact that the ditch, when present, is ou the inside, is 

 not an important factor in reaching a couchision, as this is quite con- 

 sistent with the Indian mode of warfare, as suggested by Foster. 



In addition to the types of iiiclosures and defensive walls mentioned, 

 there are soiiie other varieties that deserve a passisig notice. The 

 lines of paraHel^fcalls, as those at Kewark and Portsmouth, Ohio, are 



. well known examples of one i)eculiar type. Some of the singular works, 

 described and figured in Ancient Monuments and elsewhere are to a 

 large extent imaginary. Of these we may name Nos. ] and 2, PI. xxxiv 

 of that work. The wing tQ No. 1 is not only imaginary, but, according" 

 to the Bureau assistant who visited the locality, was made impossible 

 by the toi)ography.- 



In the Kanawha valley the forms seem to be related to the regular 

 works of Ohio, though much changed. We see hill fflrts here as there, 

 and circular inclosures with a single gateway; but, instead of the com- 

 bined circle and square, we see here elongate figures with parallel sides 

 * and semicircular ends. -But it nui'st be remembered that here the space 

 Is.mucli contracted, rendering the construction of such extensive and 

 elaboi'ate works as those of the Scioto valley impossible. Moreover, 



■ these mountain valleys could only have been temporary retreats for 

 large tl'ibes or oiily for those devoted to hunting. 



NEWARK AND HIGH HANK CIIiCI.F.S, 



We insert tiere figures of the "Observatory" (Pj. xxi) and "Fair 

 Ground" (PI. xxii) circles at Newark (Pis. xxxi and xl), and of the 

 "High Bank" circle (PL xxiii) near Chillicothe from a recent survey 

 made Ijy Mr. Henry Oaunett, Geograiiher of the U. S. Geological 

 " Survey, in person, with use of plane table, in order to show the form 

 . of- the walls. The dimensions and form as found by this survey are 

 in Kuch close agreement with that made by Mr. Middletou that tCey 

 may be considered practically the same. 



lUniAL MOINDS. 



The peculiarity of the mounds of this region which has been most 

 frequently referred to as a marked •characteristic is the presence in 

 those of comparatively large size of a basin-shaped mass of clay at 

 the bottom, to which tli* term " altar" has been applied; but as this is 

 limited to a particular class, a more general description is necessary in 

 order to throw light upon the customs of the mound-builders of tliis dis- 

 trict. We therefore refer first to the burial mounds. • 

 'The conclusion reached by the authors trf Anci'ent Monuments in 

 regard to the burial tumuli of this region is given in genera! terms as 

 follows: ' . 



Moiiuds of this class arc very uumeroiis. They are generally of conaideraMe size, 

 varvinj; from G to 80 feetiu height, l)ut haviug au average altitude, of from 15 to 20 or 

 25 feet.. They stand without the walls of inclosures at a distauce more or less remote 



