704 MOUND EXPLORATIONS. 



built, this will not Justify the assertion that they are not of Indian 

 origin. 



If the evidence relating to these works has in it nothing decidedly oj)- 

 posed to the theory, then the i3resumi)tion must, for the reasons hereto- 

 fore given, be in favor of the view that the authors were Indians. The 

 onus prohandi is on those who deny tJiis and not on those who advo- 

 cate it. 



It is legitimate, therefore, to assume that the Ohio works were made 

 by Indians until evidence to the contrary is produced. 



The geographical position of the defensive works connected With 

 these remains indicate, as has been often remarked by writers ou this 

 subject, a jiressure by northern hordes which finally resulted in driving 

 the inhabitants of the fertile valleys of tlie Miami, Scioto, and Mus- 

 kingum southward, possibly into the Gulf states, where they became 

 incorporated with the tribes of that section.' If this is assumed as 

 correct it only tends to confirm the theory of an Indian origin. But 

 the decision is not left to mere assumption and the indications men- 

 tioned, as there are other and more direct evidences bearing upon this 

 point to be found in the works of art and modes of burial of this region. 



That the mound-builders of Ohio made and used the pipe is proved 

 by the large number of pipes found in the mounds, and that they culti- 

 vated tobacco may reasonably be inferred from this fact. Attention 

 has already been called to the very general use of the pipe among tlie 

 mound-builders as an evidence of their relation to the Indians; also to 

 the fact that in this respect and the forms of the pipes they differed 

 widely from the Xahua, Maya, and Pueblo tribes. The object in refer- 

 ring to them at this point is to show that the monuments of Ohio, which 

 have so long been represented as the typical works of the mound- 

 builders, were built by Indians. 



Although varied iudetinitely by the addition of animal and other fig- 

 ures, the typical or simple form of the pipe of the Ohio mound-builders 

 appears to have been that represented by Scjnier and Davis in their 

 Fig. 68.^ The peculiar feature is the broad, flat, and slightly curved 

 base or stem which projects beyond the bowl to an extent usually equal 

 to the jterforated end. 



Now, if it can be shown tliat any known tribe of Indians used pipes 

 of this form, this will furnish another link connecting the Indians and 

 mound-builders. It has, however, been asserted positively that no such 

 iwoof can be adduced, one writer, speaking of this question, remarking: 

 " I do not care to argue the question at ])resent, but it would be well 

 to bear in mind one fact, viz, no people have ever yet been found, so far 

 as reported, who ever made or used or who knew of any people who 

 did make or use the mound pipe, such as is found in our Mississippi 

 mounds, which is quite a distinct type. ' Platform,' ' curved base,' • mou- 



' Foree, Some early notices of the Indians of Ohio. p. 7-1, etc. 

 ^Anc. MoQiimeuts, p. 179. 



