706 ' MOUND EXPLORATIONS. 



retaining the broad or wiuged stem, we see the bowl assuming the tbr- 

 wavd slope and in some instances (as some of those found in the mounds 

 of east Tennessee) tlie projection of the stem is reduced to a simple rim 

 or is entirely wanting. (See Figs. 233 and 285.) 



The nest step brings us to what may 

 be considered the typical form of the 

 modern i)ii)c as shown in Figs. 217, 218, 

 and 219. This pattern, according to 

 Dr. Abbott,' is seldom found in New 

 England or the ^Middle States, "except 

 of a nuicli smaller size and made of 

 clay." He tigures one ii'om Isle of 

 Wight county, Virginia,"' made of com- 



FiQ. 344.— Pipe from Virginia. " ,,' . , ' 



pact Steatite." A large numbei' ot this 

 tbrm were found in the North Carolina mounds, some with stems almost 

 or ([uite a foot in length. 



It is hardly necessary to add that among the specimens obtained 

 from the vai'ious localities can be found every possible gradation, from 

 the ancient Ohio type to the modern form last mentioned. There is, 

 therefore, in this ])ecu]iar line of art and custom an unbroken chain 

 connecting the mound builders of Ohio with the Indian of historic; times, 

 and, what strengthens the argument, in the same fact is evidence that 

 disconnects the makers from the Mexican and Central American peo 

 pies. 



EVIDENCE OF TRIBAL DIVISIONS— SUBSEQUENT USE OF MOUNDS 



BY INDIANS. 



Allusion was made in the introduction to some reasons for believing 

 that the mound-builders consisted of various tribes; but one or two 

 additional facts bearing on the same i)oint may be mentioned here. 



'f liat one tribe often occupied works which liad been built by other 

 tribes is undoubtedly true, as the fact is attested both by history and 

 by the works themselves. 



For examjde, the relics found in and about the Etowah group in 

 northern (leorgia, so often mentioned, indicate that it was the scene of 

 many a^ sharp conflict between contending tribes. It was also the 

 scene of a severe (^(mtest between the Cherokees and Creeks in their 

 long and bloody war, one of the group being occupied by the former 

 and its summit surrounded by pickets as a place for the protection 

 of hundreds of their women aiul children,'' probably in the same man- 

 ner as the c!u-i(iue, who occupied it when l)e Soto passed through, 

 rendered it secure. At the time of the Rev. E. Corneliu.s's visit in 181 7, 

 the toi» of the mound, second in size, was encircled by a breastwork 3 

 feet liigh, intersected through the middle with another elevation of a 



I I'riinilivr Iiiiliistry, p. ;i20. ' K. Cornelius. Am. .lour. Sci. (Silluian's), 7tli .Ser., vol. 1. p. 324. 



