OF THK BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XXVII 



of "Tlie Black Mexican with thick Hps," in whom he recog- 

 nized the "Barbary Negro Estevanico," of Cabecja da Vaca 

 and Marco de NiQa, known to have been killed about the year 

 1639 in the neighborhood. Inquiries instituted by this recog- 

 nition led to the specific determination of the sites of nearly 

 all the "Seven Cities of Cibola," the principal of which — A-ha- 

 cus, in Spanish (Ha-wi-kuhs, in Zuni) — was situated at Ojo 

 Caliente. He conjectm-ed, also, that Cibola was derived from 

 the Zuni name of their countr}^, She-wo-na or Shi-wi-na, which 

 led to the belief, ultimately confirmed by old Spanish records, 

 that there was no one city of Cibola, but that all together were 

 known by that name. 



During the month of January, 1881, he made a trip with 

 one companion along the line of ruins marking the sites of the 

 pueblos referred to in the Zuni ritualistic recitals, as far west 

 as the valley of the Colorado Chiquito. He not only dis- 

 covered a series of monuments, but also verified the correct- 

 ness of the recitals above referred to by a study of the myth- 

 ologic pictographs with which many of them and the surround- 

 ing rocks were covered. 



Some 15 miles south from the town of San Juan, or Bar- 

 deto, he found in the same valley a remarkable line of conical 

 hills, containing craters, the caverns of which had been used 

 by the ancestors of the Zufiis as sacrificial depositories. In 

 these he had the good fortune to discover numerous well-pre- 

 served sacrificial plumed sticks, and many conventionally dec- 

 orated prayer-slats or altar-tablets, bows, arrows, basket-work, 

 and fabrics of the ancient inhabitants of the valley. One of 

 his discoveries was that of ancient cigarettes of cane and corn- 

 leaves, proving that the cigarette, as well as the pipe, was of 

 American origin. 



During the succeeding spring, with one soldier and a citizen, 

 he again set out for the cave country, re-exploring not only 

 the caverns before visited but also other important grottoes on 

 the Rio Concho, and the caves still used as sacrificial deposito- 

 ries by the Zufiis, near La Laguna del Colorado Chiquito, 

 north of San Juan. The collections, the greater portions of 

 which were cached, aggregated over two thousand specimens. 



