XL ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 



dence. In the forms of society actually found among the 

 lower tribes of mankind, institutions are discovered that are 

 believed to be survivals from such a form of tribal organiza- 

 tion. And the philologic evidence is perhaps still stronger; in 

 fact, the hypothesis was originally based solely upon linguistic 

 data, as languages have been found in which terms for hus- 

 band, wife, father, mother, son, daughter, elder brother, younger 

 brother, elder sister, and younger sister occur, together with 

 those expressive of the kinships that arise through the recog- 

 nition of grandparents and grandchildren, while terms for col- 

 lateral kinships are not found. 



All tribes that have yet been carefully studied present a 

 more elaborate form of social organization than that above de- 

 scribed. This more highty developed structure is usually ex- 

 hibited, among other things, in a more elaborate system of 

 classifying kinships. Additional groups are constituted, so that 

 certain collateral kinships are differentiated. 



In the brothers and sisters of parents four natural kinships 

 are possible, namely, (a) paternal uncle, called by the Romans 

 patruus; (b) maternal uncle, called by the Romans avunculus ; 

 (c) paternal aunt, called by the Romans amita; and (d~) ma- 

 ternal aunt, called by the Romans matertera. The recognition 

 of these four groups would lead to the recognition of the cor- 

 relative cousins, in four classes, male and female in each class; 

 and if terms were used distinguishing sex, eight classes of 

 cousins would arise through the four classes of uncles and 

 aunts. In this direction the first step in the differentiation of 

 additional kinships is made. Let us call paternal uncles pat- 

 ruates, maternal uncles avunculates, paternal aunts (imitates, and 

 maternal aunts materterates. 



Let us suppose that the relation of husband and wife is not 

 the same as the relation of brother and sister; that is, that men 

 do not marry their own sisters, but that a brother-group mar- 

 ries a sister-group in common. In this case fathers' sisters will 

 no longer be mothers, but will constitute a group of amitates. 

 In like manner, mothers' brothers will no longer be fathers, 

 but will constitute a group of avunculates The institution of 

 a group of amitates will necessitate the establishment of the 



