14 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
paper, both in the discussion of general arrangement and characteristic 
ground plans, embodied in Chapters 11 and If and in the comparison 
by constructional details treated in Chapter rv, in order to define clearly 
the relations of the various features of pueblo architecture. They belong 
to the same pueblo system illustrated by the villages of Tusayan and 
Cibola, and with the Canyon de Chelly group there is even some trace of 
traditional connection, as is set forth by Mr. Stephen in Chapter 1. The 
more detailed studies of these ruins, to be published later, together with 
the material embodied in the present paper, will, it is thought, furnish a 
record of the principal characteristics of an important type of primitive 
architecture, which, under the influence of the arid environment of the 
southwestern plateaus, has developed from the rude lodge into the many- 
storied house of rectangular rooms. Indications of some of the steps of 
this development are traceable even in the architecture of the present 
day. 
The pueblo of Zuni was surveyed by the writer in the autumn of 
1851 with a view to procuring the necessary data for the construction of 
a large-scale model of this pueblo. For this reason the work afforded 
a record of external features only. 
The modern pueblos of Tusayan were similarly surveyed in the fol- 
lowing season (1882-’83), the plans being supplemented by photographs, 
from which many of the illustrations accompanying this paper have 
been drawn. The ruin of Awatubi was also included in the work of 
this season. 
In the autumn of 1885 many of the ruined pueblos of Tusayan were 
surveyed and examined. It was during this season’s work that the 
details of the kiva construction, embodied in the last chapter of this 
paper, were studied, together with interior details of the dwellings. It 
was in the latter part of this season that the farming pueblos of Cibola 
were surveyed and photographed. 
The Tusayan farming pueblo of Moen-kopi and a number of the 
ruins in the province were surveyed and studied in the early part of the 
season of 1887-88, the latter portion of which season was principally 
devoted to an examination of the Chaco ruins in New Mexico. 
In the prosecution of the field work above outlined the author has 
been greatly indebted to the efficient assistance and hearty cooperation 
of Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, by whom nearly all the pueblos illustrated, 
with the exception of Zuni, have been surveyed and platted. 
The plans obtained have involved much careful work with surveying 
instruments, and have all been so platted as faithfully to record the 
minute variations from geometric forms which are so characteristic of 
the pueblo work, but which have usually been ignored in the hastily 
prepared sketch plans that have at times appeared. In consequence of 
the necessary omission of just such information in hastily drawn plans, 
erroneous impressions have been given regarding the degree of skill to 
which the pueblo peoples had attained in the planning and building of 
