22 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
their newly acquired territory, and some time in the seventeenth cen- 
tury a band of missionary monks found their way to-Tusayan. They 
were accompanied by a few troops to impress the people with a due re- 
gard for Spanish authority, but to display the milder side of their mission, 
they also brought herds of sheep and cattle for distribution. At first 
these were herded at various springs within a wide radius around the 
villages, and the names still attaching to these places memorize the in- 
troduction of sheep and cattle to this region. The Navajo are first 
definitely mentioned in tradition as occupants of this vicinity in con- 
nection with these flocks and herds, in the distribution of which they 
gave much undesirable assistance by driving off the larger portion to 
their own haunts. 
The missionaries selected Awatubi, Walpi, and Shumopavi as the 
sites for their mission buildings, and at once, it is said, began to intro- 
duce a system of enforced labor. The memory of the mission period is 
held in great detestation, and the onerous toil the priests imposed is 
still adverted to as the principal grievance. Heavy pine timbers, many 
of which are now pointed out in the kiva roofs, of from 15 to 20 feet in 
length and a foot or more in diameter, were cut at the San Francisco 
Mountain, and gangs of men were compelled to carry and drag them to 
the building sites, where they were used as house beams. This neces- 
sitated prodigious toil, for the distance by trail is a hundred miles, most 
of the way over a rough and difficult country. The Spaniards are said 
to have employed a few ox teams in this labor, but the heaviest share 
was performed by the impressed Hopituh, who were driven in gangs by 
the Spanish soldiers, and any who refused to work were confined in a 
prison house and starved into submission. 
The “men with the long robes,” as the missionaries were called, are 
said to have lived among these people for a long time, but no trace of 
their individuality survives in tradition. 
Possibly the Spanish missionaries may have striven to effect some 
social improvement among these people, and by the adoption of some 
harsh measures incurred the jealous anger of the chiefs. But the sys- 
tem of labor they enforced was regarded, perhaps justly, as the intro- 
duction of serfdom, such as then prevailed in the larger communities in 
the Rio Grande valleys. Perhaps tradition belies them; but there are 
many stories of their evil, sensual lives—assertions that they violated 
women, and held many of the young girls at their mission houses, not 
as pupils, but as concubines. 
In any case, these hapless monks were engaged in a perilous mission 
in seeking to supplant the primitive faith of the Tusayan, for among the 
native priests they encountered prejudices even as violent as their own. 
With too great zeal they prohibited the sacred dances, the votive offer- 
ings to the nature-deities, and similar public observances, and strove to 
suppress the secret rites and abolish the religious orders and societies. 
But these were too closely incorporated with the system of gentes and 
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