MINDELEFF.] TRADITIONS CONCERNING THE SPANIARDS. 23 
other family kinships to admit of their extinction. Traditionally, it is 
said that, following the discontinuance of the prescribed ceremonies, the 
favor of the gods was withdrawn, the clouds brought no rain, and the 
fields yielded no corn. Such a coincidence in this arid region is by no 
means improbable, and according to the legends, a succession of dry 
seasons resulting in famine has been of not infrequent occurrence. The 
superstitious fears of the people were thus aroused, and they cherished 
a mortal hatred of the monks. 
In such mood were they in the summer of 1680, when the village 
Indians rose in revolt, drove out the Spaniards, and compelled them to 
retreat to Mexico. There are some dim traditions of that event still 
existing among the Tusayan, and they tell of one of their own race com- 
ing from the river region by the way of Zuni to obtain their cooperation 
in the proposed revolt. To this they consented. 
Only a few Spaniards being present at that time, the Tusayan found 
courage to vent their enmity in massacre, and every one of the hated 
invaders perished on the appointed day. The traditions of the massacre 
center on the doom of the monks, for they were regarded as the embodi- 
ment of all that was evil in Spanish rule, and their pursuit, as they tried 
to escape among the sand dunes, and the mode of their slaughter, is told 
with grim precision; they were all overtaken and hacked to pieces with 
stone tomahawks. 
It is told that while the monks were still in authority some of the 
Snake women urged a withdrawal from Walpi, and, to incite the men 
to action, carried their mealing-stones and cooking vessels to the sum- 
mit of the mesa, where they desired the men to build new houses, less 
accessible to the domineering priests. The men followed them, and two 
or three small house groups were built near the southwest end of the 
present village, one of them being still occupied by a Snake family, but 
the others have been demolished or remodeled. A little farther north, 
also on the west edge, the small house clusters there were next built by 
the families of two women called Tji-vwo-wati and Si-kya-tei-wati. 
Shortly after the massacre the lower village was entirely abandoned, 
and the building material carried above to the point which the Snakes 
had chosen, and on which the modern Walpi was constructed. Several 
beams of the old mission houses are now pointed out in the roofs of the 
kivas. 
There was a general apprehension that the Spaniards would send a 
force to punish them, and the Shumopavi also reconstructed their vil- 
lage in a stronger position, on a high mesa overlooking its former site. 
The other villages were already in secure positions, and all the smaller 
agricultural settlements were abandoned at this period, and excepting 
at one or two places on the Moen-kopi, the Tusayan have ever since 
confined themselves to the close vicinity of their main villages. 
The house masses do not appear to bear any relation to division by 
phratries. It is surprising that even the social division of the phratries 
