44 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
that they have temporarily beautified. These beds of bloom are not 
seen in the immediate vicinity of the present villages, but are unex- 
pectedly met with in portions of the neighboring mesas and canyons. 
After crossing the 6 or 7 miles of comparatively level country that 
intervenes between the mouth of Keam’s Canyon and the first of the 
occupied mesas, the toilsome ascent begins; at first through slopes and 
dunes and then over masses of broken talus, as the summit of the mesa 
is gradually approached, Near the top the road is flanked on one side 
by a very abrupt descent of broken slopes, and on the other by a pre- 
cipitous rocky wall that rises 30 or 40 feet above. The road reaches the 
brink of the promontory by a sharp rise at a point close to the village 
of Hano. 
METHODS OF SURVEY. 
Before entering upon a description of the villages and ruins, a few 
words as to the preparation of the plans accompanying this paper will 
not be amiss. The methods pursued in making the surveys of the in- 
habited pueblos were essentially the same throughout. The outer wall 
of each separate cluster was run with a compass and a tape measure, 
the lines being closed and checked upon the corner from which the 
beginning was made, so that the plan of each group stands alone, and 
no accumulation of error is possible. The stretched tapeline afforded 
a basis for estimating any deviations from a straight line which the wall 
presented, and as each sight was plotted on the spot these deviations 
are all recorded on the plan, and afford an indication of the degree of 
accuracy with which the building was carried out. Upon the basis thus 
obtained, the outlines of the second stories were drawn by the aid of 
measurements from the numerous jogs and angles; the same process 
being repeated for each of the succeeding stories. The plan at this 
stage recorded all the stories in outline. The various houses and clusters 
were connected by compass sights and by measurements. <A tracing 
of the outline plan was then made, on which the stories were distin- 
guished by lines of different colors, and upon this tracing were 
recorded all the vertical measurements. These were generally taken 
at every corner, although in a long wall it was customary to make 
additional measurements at intervening points. 
Upon the original outline were then drawn all such details as coping 
stones, chimneys, trapdoors, etc., the tapeline being used where neces- 
sary to establish positions. The forms of the chimneys as well as their 
position and size were also indicated on this drawing, which was finally 
tinted to distinguish the different terraces. Upon this colored sheet 
were located all openings. These were numbered, and at the same time 
described in a notebook, in which were also recorded the necessary 
vertical measurements, such as their height and elevation above the 
ground. In the same notebook the openings were also fully deseribed. 
The ladders were located upon the same sheet, and were consecutively 
