MINDELEFF. ] METHODS OF SURVEY. 45 
lettered and described in the notebook. This description furnishes a 
record of the ladder, its projection above the coping, if any, the differ- 
ence in the length of its poles, the character of the tiepiece, ete. 
Altogether these notebooks furnish a mass of statistical data which 
has been of great service in the elaboration of this report and in the 
preparation of models. Finally, a level was carried over the whole vil- 
lage, and the height of each corner and jog above an assumed base was 
determined. A reduced tracing was then made of the plan as a basis 
for sketching in such details of topography, etc., as it was thought ad- 
visable to preserve. 
These plans were primarily intended to be used in the construction 
of large scale models, and consequently recorded an amount of informa- 
tion that could not be reproduced upon the published drawings without 
causing great confusion. 
The methods followed in surveying the ruins underwent some changes 
from time to time as the work progressed. In the earlier work the lines 
of the walls, so far as they could be determined, were run with a com- 
pass and tapeline and gone over with a level. Later it was found more 
convenient to select a number of stations and connect them by cross- 
sights and measurements. These points were then platted, and the 
valls and lines of débris were carefully drawn in over the framework 
of lines thus obtained, additional measurements being taken when nec- 
essary. The heights of standing walls were measured from both sides, 
and openings were located on the plan and described in a notebook, as 
was done in the survey of the inhabited villages. The entire site was 
then leveled, aud from the data obtained contour lines were drawn with 
a 5-foot interval. Irregularities in the directions of walls were noted. 
In the later plans of ruins a scale of symbols, seven in number, were 
employed to indicate the amount and distribution of the débris. The 
plans, as published, indicate the relative amounts of débris as seen upon 
the ground. Probable lines of wall are shown on the plan by dotted 
lines drawn through the dots which indicate débris. With this excep- 
tion, the plans show the ruins as they actually are. Standing walls, 
as a rule, are drawn in solid black; their heights appear on the field 
sheets, but could not be shown upon the published plans without con- 
fusing the drawing. The contour lines represent an interval of 5 feet; 
the few cases in which the secondary or negative contours are used will 
not produce confusion, as their altitude is always given in figures. 
PLANS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF RUINS. 
The ruins described in this chapter comprise but a few of those found 
within the province of Tusayan. These were surveyed and recorded on 
account of their close traditional connection with the present villages, 
and for the sake of the light that they might throw upon the relation of 
the modern pueblos to the innumerable stone buildings of unknown date 
so widely distributed over the southwestern plateau country. Such 
