46 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
traditional connection with the present peoples could probably be estab- 
lished for many more of the ruins of this country by investigations sim- 
ilar to those conducted by Mr. Stephen in the Tusayan group; but this 
phase of the subject was not included in our work. In the search for 
purely architectural evidence among these ruins it must be confessed 
that the data have proved disappointingly meager. No trace of the 
numerous constructive details that interest the student of pueblo archi- 
tecture in the modern villages can be seen in the low mounds of broken 
down masonry that remain in most of the ancient villages’of Tusayan. 
But little masonry remains standing in even the best preserved of these 
ruins, and villages known to have been occupied within two centuries 
are not distinguishable from the remains to which distinct tradition 
(save that they were in the same condition when the first people of the 
narrators’ gens came to this region) no longer clings. Though but little 
architectural information is to be derived from these ruins beyond such 
as is conveyed by the condition and character of the masonry and the 
general distribution of the plan, the plans and relation to the topography 
are recorded as forming, in connection with the traditions, a more com- 
plete account than can perhaps be obtained later. 
In our study of architectural details, when a comparison is suggested 
between the practice at Tusayan and that of the ancient builders, our 
illustrations for the latter must often be drawn from other portions of 
the builders’ territory where better preserved remains furnish the neces- 
sary data. 
WALPI RUINS. 
In the case of the pueblo of Walpi, a portion of whose people seem to 
have been the first comers in this region, a number of changes of sites 
have taken place, at least one of which has occurred within the historic 
period. Of the various sites occupied one is pointed out north of the 
gap on the first mesa. At the present time this site is only a low mound 
of sand-covered débris with no standing fragment of wall visible. The 
present condition of this early Walpi is illustrated in Fig. 2. In the 
absence of foundation walls or other definite lines, the character of the 
site is expressed by the contour lines that define its relief. Another of 
the sites occupied by the Walpi is said to have been in the open valley 
separating the first from the second mesa, but here no trace of the re- 
mains of a stone village has been discovered. This traditional location 
is referred to by Mr. Stephen in his account of Walpi. The last site 
occupied previous to the present one on the mesa summit was on a 
lower bench of the first mesa promontory at its southern extremity. 
Here the houses are said to have been distributed over quite a large 
area, and occasional fragments of masonry are still seen at widely sepa- 
rated points; but the ground plan can not now be traced. This was the 
site of a Spanish mission, and some of the Tusayan point out the position 
formerly occupied by mission buildings, but no architectural evidence of 
such structures is visible. It seems to be fairly certain, however, that 
