MINDELEFF. ] AWATUBI RUINS. 49 
over the surtace. These bear a close resemblance to the fine class of 
ware characteristic of “Talla Hogan” or “Awatubi,” and would sug- 
gest that this pueblo was contemporaneous with the latter. Some 
reference to this ruin will be found in the traditionary material in 
Chapter I. 
AWATUBI. 
The ruin of Awatubi is known to the Navajo as Talla Hogan, a term 
interpreted as meaning ‘‘singing house” and thought to refer to the 
chapel and mission that at one time flourished here, as described by 
Mr. Stephen in Chapter 1. Tradition ascribes great importance to this 
village. At the time of the Spanish conquest it was one of the most 
prosperous of the seven “cities” of Tusayan, and was selected as the 
site of a mission, a distinction shared by Walpi, which was then on a 
lower spur of the first mesa, and by Shumopavi, whieh also was built 
on a lower site than the present village of that name. Traditions re- 
ferrmg to this pueblo have been collected from several sources and, 
while varying somewhat in less important details, they all concur in 
bringing the destruction of the village well within the period of Spanish 
occupation. 
On the historical site, too, we know that Cruzate on the occasion of 
the attempted reconquest of the country visited this village in 1692, 
and the ruin must therefore be less than two centuries old, yet the com- 
pleteness of destruction is such that over most of its area no standing 
wall is seen, and the outlines of the houses and groups are indicated 
mainly by low ridges and masses of broken-down masonry, partly cov- 
ered by the drifting sands. The group of rooms that forms the south 
east side of the pueblo is an exception to the general rule. Here frag- 
mentary walls of rough masonry stand to a height, in some cases, of 8 
feet above the débris. The character of the stonework, as may be seen 
from PI. vy, is but little better than that of the modern villages. This 
better preserved portion of the village seems to have formed part of a 
cluster of mission buildings. At the points designated A on the 
ground plan may be seen the remnants of walls that have been built of 
straw adobe in the typical Spanish manner. These rest upon founda- 
tions of stone masonry. See Pl. vi. The adobe fragments are proba- 
bly part of the church or associated buildings. At two other points on 
the ground plan, both on the northeast side, low fragments of wall are 
still standing, as may be seen from the plate. At one of these points 
‘the remains indicate that the village was provided with a gateway near 
the middle of the northeast side. 
The general plan of this pueblo is quite different from that of the pres- 
ent villages, and approaches the older types in symmetry and compact- 
ness. There is a notable absence of the arrangement of rooms into long 
parallel rows. This typical Tusayan feature is only slightly approxi- 
mated in some subordinate rows within the court. The plan suggests 
that the original pueblo was built about three sides of a rectangular 
8 ETH——4 
