58 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
the entire circumference of the ruin, except along the brink of the cliff, 
as the plan shows. 
This outer wall contains by far the largest stones yet found incor- 
porated in pueblo masonry. A fragment of this masonry is illustrated 
in Pl. x1. The largest stone shown measures about 5 feet in length, 
and the one adjoining on the right measures about 4 feet. These dimen- 
sions are quite remarkable in pueblo masonry, which is distinguished 
by the use of very small stones. 
The well defined outer wall of this cluster to the unaided eye appears 
to be elliptical, but it will be seen from 
the plan that the ellipse is somewhat 
pointed on the side farthest from the 
cliff. As in other cases of ancient 
pueblos with curved outlines, the outer * 
wall seems to have been built first, and 
the inner rooms, while kept as rect- 
angular as possible, were adjusted to 
this curve. This arrangement often 
led to a cumulating divergence from 
radial lines in some of the partitions, 
which irregularity was taken up in 
one room, as in this instance, in the 
space near the gate. The outer wall 
is uniform in construction so far as pre- 
served. Many irregularities appear, 
however, in the construction of the in- 
ner or partition walls, and some of the 
rooms show awkward attempts at ad- 
justment to the curve of the outer wall. 
The ruin is situated on the very 
brink of a small canyon, which prob- 
ably contained a spring at the foot of the cliff close under the ruin site, 
as the vegetation there has an unusual appearance of freshness, sug- 
gesting the close proximity of water to the surface. A steep trail evi- 
dently connected the village with the bottom of the canyon. Some of 
the rocks of the mesa rim were marked by numerous cup-like cavities 
similar to those seen at Kwaituki, and used in the polishing and form- 
ing of stone implements. The type of pueblo here illustrated belonged 
to a people who relied largely on the architecture for defense, differing 
in this respect from the spirit of Tusayan architecture generally, where 
the inaccessible character of the site was the chief dependence. 
Fia. 7. Oval (Fire House) ruin, plan 
(Tebugkihu). 
CHUKUBI,. 
The ruin called Chukubi by the Tusayan (PI. x11) is situated on the 
Middle Mesa, about 3 miles northeast of Mashongnavi. It oceupies a 
promontory above the same broad sandstone iedge that forms such a 
