MINDELEFF. ] INHABITED VILLAGES—WALPI. 63 
the south side are the outlines of two small compartments, which were 
evidently built as corrals for burros and are still used for that purpose. 
This village, though limited to two stories in height, has, like the others 
of the first mesa, a number of roof holes or trapdoors in the upper 
story, an approach to the Zuni practice. This feature among the Tusayan 
villages is probably due to intercourse with the more eastern pueblos, 
for it seems to oceur chiefly among those having such communication 
most frequently. Its presence is probably the result simply of borrow- 
ing a convenient feature from those who invented it to meet a necessity. 
The conditions under which the houses were built have hardly been 
such as to stimulate the Tusayan to the invention of such a device. 
The uniform height of the second-story roofs seen in this village, con- 
Stituting an almost unbroken level, is a rather exceptional feature in 
pueblo architecture. Ouly one depression occurs in the whole length 
of the main row. 
WALPI. 
Of all the pueblos, occupied or in ruins, within the provinces of 
Tusayan and Cibola, Walpi exhibits the widest departure from the 
typical pueblo arrangement (PI. xx). 
The carelessness characteristic of Tusayan architecture seems to have 
reached its culmination here. The confused arrangement of the rooms, 
mainly due to the irregularities of the site, contrasts with the work at 
some of the other villages, and bears no comparison with much of the 
ancient work. The rooms seem to have been clustered together with 
very little regard to symmetry, and right angles are very unusual. (See 
Fig. 8.) 
The general plan of the village of to-day confirms the traditional ac- 
counts of its foundation. According to these its growth was gradual, be- 
ginning with a few small clusters, which were added to from time to time 
as the inhabitants of the lower site upon the spur of the mesa, where 
the mission was established, moved up and joined the pioneers on the 
summit. It is probable that some small rooms or clusters were built on 
this conspicuous promontory soon after the first occupation of this region, 
on account of its exceptionally favorable position as an outlook over the 
fields (Pl. xxt). 
Ti ough the peculiar conformation of the site on which the village has 
been built has produced an unusual irregularity of arrangement, yet 
even here an imperfect example of the typical inclosed court may be 
found, at one point containing the principal kiva or ceremonial chamber 
of the village. Itis probable that the accidental occurrence of a suitable 
break or depression in the mesa top determined the position of this kiva 
at an early date and that the first buildings clustered about this point. 
A unique feature in this kiva is its connection with a second subter- 
ranean chamber, reached from the kiva through an ordinary doorway. 
The depression used for the kiva site must have been either larger than 
was needed or of such form that it could not be thrown into one ree- 
