(4 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
gypsum on the outer face of the walls. This wash is used partly as an 
ornament and partly as protection against the rain. The material, 
valled by the Mexicans ‘‘yeso,” is very commonly used in the interior 
of their houses throughout this region, both by Mexicans and Indians. 
More rarely it is used among the pueblos as an external wash. Here, 
however, its external use forms quite a distinctive feature of the vil- 
lage. The same custom in several of the cliff houses of Canyon de Chelly 
attests the comparative antiquity of the practice, though not necessarily 
its pre-Columbian origin. . 
Shumopavi, compared with the other villages, shows less evidence of 
having been built on the open court idea, as the partial inclosures as- 
sume such elongated forms in the direction of the long, straight rows of 
the rooms; yet examination shows that the idea was present to a slight 
extent. 
At the southeast corner of the pueblo there is a very marked approach 
to the open court, though it is quite evident that the easternmost row 
has its back to the court, and that the few rooms that face the other 
way are later additions. In fact, the plan of the village and the dis- 
tribution of the terraces seem to indicate that the first construction 
consisted only of a single row facing nearly east, and was not an in- 
closed court, and that a further addition to the pueblo assumed nearly 
the same form, with its face or terraced side toward the back of the 
first row only partly adapting itself by the addition of a few small 
rooms later, to the court arrangement, the same operation being con- 
tinued, but in a form not so clearly defined, still farther toward the 
west. 
The second court is not defined on the west by such a distinct row as 
the others, and the smaller clusters that to some extent break the long, 
straight arrangement bring about an approximation to a court, though 
here again the terraces only partly face it, the eastern side being 
bounded by the long exterior wall of the middle row, two and three 
stories high, and almost unbroken throughout its entire length of 400 
feet. The broken character of the sinall western row, in conjunction 
with the clusters near it, imparts a distinct effect te the plan of this por- 
tion, differentiating it in character from the masses of houses formed 
by the other two rows. The latter are connected at their southern end 
by a short cross row which converts this portion of the village practi- 
sally into a single large house. Two covered passageways, however, 
which are designated on the plan, give access to the southeast portion 
of the court. This portion is partly separated from the north half of 
the inelosure by encroaching groups of rooms. This partial division of 
the original narrow and long court appears to be of later date. 
The kivas are four in number, of which but one is within the village. 
The latter occupies a partly inclosed position in the southwest portion, 
and probably owes its place to some local facility for building a kiva on 
this spot in the nature of a depression in the mesa summit; but even 
