MINDELEFF. ] SHUMOPAVI. 75 
with such aid the ceremonial chamber was built only partly under 
ground, as may be seen in Fig. 14. The remaining three kivas are more 
distinctly subterranean, and in order to obtain a suitable site one of 
these was located at a distance of more than 200 feet from the village, 
toward the mesa edge on the east. The other two are built very close 
together, apparently in contact, just beyond the northern extremity of 
the village. One of these is about 3 feet above the surface at one 
corner, but nearly on a level with the ground at its western side where 
it adjoins its neighbor. These two kivas are illustrated in Pl. LXXxXV1IT 
and Fig. 21. 
Here again we find that the ceremonial chamber that forms so impor- 
Fie. 14. Court kiva of Shumopayi. 
tant a feature among these people, occupies no fixed relation to the 
dwellings, and its location is largely a matter of accident, a site that 
would admit of the partial excavation or sinking of the chamber below 
the surface being the main requisite. The northwest court contains 
another of the small inclosed shrines already described as oceurring at 
Shupaulovi and elsewhere. 
The stonework of this village also possesses a somewhat distinctive 
character. Exposed masonry, though comparatively rare in this well- 
plastered pueblo, shows that stones of suitable fracture were selected 
and that they were more carefully laid than in the other villages. In 
places the masonry bears a close resemblance to some of the ancient 
work, where the spaces between the longer tablets of stone were care- 
fully chinked with small bits of stone, bringing the whole wall to a 
uniform face, and is much in advance of the ordinary slovenly methods 
of construction followed in Tusayan. 
Shumopavi is the suecessor of an older village of that name, one of the 
cities of the ancient Tusayan visited by a detachment of Coronado’s ex- 
pedition in 1540, The ruins of that village still exist, and they formerly 
contained vestiges of the old church and mission buildings established 
