76 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
by themonks. The squared beams from these buildings were considered 
valuable enough to be incorporated in the construction of ceremonial 
kivas in some of the Tusayan villages. This old site was not visited by 
the party. 
ORAIBI. 
This is one of the largest modern pueblos, and contains nearly half 
the population of Tusayan; yet its great size has not materially affected 
the arrangement of the dwellings. The general plan (see Pl. XXXVEF) 
simply shows an unusually large collection of typical Tusayan house- 
rows, with the general tendency to face eastward displayed in the other 
villages of the group. There is a remarkable uniformity in the direction 
of the rows, but there are no indications of the order in which the sue- 
cessive additions to the village were made, such as were found at Ma- 
shongnavi. 
The clusters of rooms do not surpass the average dimensions of those 
in the smaller villages. In five of the clusters in Oraibi a height of four 
stories is reached by a few rooms; a height seen also in Walpi. 
At several points in Oraibi, notably on the west side of cluster No. 
7, may be seen what appears to be low terraces faced with rough masonry. 
The same thing is also seen at Walpi, on the west side of the northern- 
most cluster. This effect is produced by the gradual filling in of aban- 
doned and broken-down marginal houses, with fallen masonry and drifted 
sand. The appearance is that of intentional construction, as may be 
seen in Pl. XX XIX. 
The rarity of covered passageways in this village is noteworthy, and 
emphasizes the marked difference in the character of the Tusayan and 
Zuni ground plans. The close crowding of rooms in the latter has 
made a feature of the covered way, which in the scattered plan of Oraibi 
is rarely called for. When found it does not seem an outgrowth of the 
same conditions that led to its adoption in Zuni. A glance at the plans 
will show how different has been the effect of the immediate enviren- 
ment in the two cases. In Zuni, built on a very slight knoll in the open 
plain, the absence of a defensive site has produced unusual develop- 
ment of the defensive features of the architecture, and the result is a 
remarkably dense clustering of the dwellings. At Tusayan, on the 
other hand, the largest village of the group does not differ in character 
from the smallest. Occupation of a defensive site has there in a meas- 
ure taken the place of a special defensive arrangement, or close cluster- 
ing of rooms. Oraibi is laid out quite as openly as any other of the 
group, and as additions to its size have from time to time been made 
the builders have, in the absence of the defensive motive for crowding 
the rows or groups into large clusters, simply followed the usual arrange- 
ment. The crowding that brought about the use of the covered way 
was due in Walpi to restricted site, as nearly all the available summit 
of its rocky promontory has been covered with buildings. In Zuni, on 
wid 
