MINDELEEFF. } MOEN-KOPI, Cel 
the other hand, it was the necessity for defense that led to the close 
clustering of the dwellings and the consequent employment of the coy- 
ered way. 
A further contrast between the general plans of Oraibi and Zuni is 
afforded in the different manner in which the roof openings have been 
employed in the two cases. The plan of Zuni, Pl. Lxxvi, shows great 
numbers of small openings, nearly all of which are intended exclusively 
for the admission of light, a few only being provided with ladders. In 
Oraibi, on the other hand, there are only seventeen roof openings above 
the first terrace, and of these not more than half are intended for the 
admission of light. The device is correspondingly rare in other villages 
of the group, particularly in those west of the first mesa. In Mashong- 
navi the restricted use of the roof openings is particularly noticeable; 
they all are of the same type as those used for access to first terrace 
rooms. There is but one roof opening in a second story. An examina- 
tion of the plan, Pl. xxx, will show that in Shupatlovi but two such 
openings occur above the first terrace, and in the large village of 
Shumopavi, Pl. xxxry, only about eight. None of the smaller villages 
an be fairly compared with Zuni in the employment of this feature, 
but in Oraibi we should expect to find its use much more general, were 
it not for the fact that the defensive site has taken the place of the 
close clustering of rooms seen in the exposed village of Zuni, and, in 
consequence, the devices for the admission of light still adhere to the 
more primitive arrangement (Pls. XL and XLt). 
The highest type of pueblo construction, embodied in the large com- 
munal fortress houses of the valleys, could have developed only as the 
builders learned to rely for protection more upon their architecture and 
less upon the sites occupied. So long as the sites furnished a large 
proportion of the defensive efficiency of a village, the invention of the 
builders was not stimulated to substitute artificial for natural advan- 
tages. Change of location and consequent development must frequently 
have taken place owing to the extreme inconvenience of defensive sites 
to the sources of subsistence. 
The builders of large valley pueblos must frequently have been forced 
to resort hastily to defensive sites on finding that the valley towns were 
unfitted to withstand attack. This seems to have been the case with 
the Tusayan; but that the Zuni have adhered to their valley pueblo 
through great difficulties is clearly attested by the internal evidence of 
the architecture itself, even were other testimony altogether wanting. 
MOEN-KOPI, 
About 50 miles west from Oraibi is a small settlement used by a few 
families from Oraibi durmg the farming season, known as Moen-kopi. 
(Pl. xii). The present village is comparatively recent, but, as is the 
cease with many others, it has been built over the remains of an older 
settlement. It is said to have been founded within the memory of 
