CAHPASP ME irumeleleli: 
RUINS AND INHABITED VILLAGES OF CIBOLA. 
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE PROVINCE, 
Though the surroundings of the Cibolan pueblos and ruins exhibit 
the ordinary characteristics of plateau scenery, they have not the mo- 
notonous and forbidding aspect that characterizes the mesas and valleys 
of Tusayan. The dusty sage brush and the stunted cedar and pinon, 
as in Tusayan, form a couspicuous feature of the landscape, but the 
cliffs are often diversified in color, being in cases composed of alternat- 
ing bands of light gray and dark red sandstone, which impart a con- 
siderable variety of tints to the landscape. The contrast is heightened 
by the proximity of the Zuni Mountains, an extensive timber-bearing 
range that approaches within 12 miles of Zuni, narrowing down the 
extent of the surrounding arid region. 
Cibola has also been more generously treated by nature in the matter 
of water supply, as the province contains a perennial stream which has 
its sources near the village of Nutria, and, flowing past the pueblo of 
Zuni, disappears a few miles below. During the rainy season the river 
empties into the Colorado Chiquito. The Cibolan pueblos are built on 
the foothills of mesas or in open valley sites, surrounded by broad fields, 
while the Tusayan villages are perched upon mesa promontories that 
overlook the valley lands used for cultivation. 
PLANS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF RUINS. 
HAWIKUH. 
The village of Hawikuh, situated about 15 miles to the south of Zuni, 
consisted of irregwar groups of densely clustered cells, occupying the 
point of a spur projecting from a low rounded hill. The houses are in 
such a ruined condition that few separate rooms can be traced, and 
these are much obseured by débris. This débris covers the entire area 
extending down the east slope of the hill to the site of the church. The 
large amount of débris and the comparative thinness of such walls as 
are found suggest that the dwellings had been densely clustered, and 
carried to the height of several stories. Much of the space between 
the village on the hill and the site of the Spanish church on the plain 
at its foot is covered with masonry debris, part of which has slid down 
from above (Pl. XLV1). 
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