90, PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
sion that these houses had been built as six distinct clusters of one vil- 
lage, and he has found that at the time of the Pueblo rebellion, but six 
of the Cibolan villages were occupied. Anexamination of the plan, how- 
ever, will at once show that no such definite scheme of arrangement 
governed the builders. There are but three, or at most four groups that 
could be defined as distinct clusters, and even in the case of these the dis- 
position is so irregular and their boundaries so ill defined, through the 
great munber of outlying small groups scattered about, that they can 
hardly be considered distinct. There are really thirty-eight separate 
buildings (PI. LX) ranging in size from one of two rooms, near the southern 
extremity to one of one hundred and three rooms, situated at the south- 
western corner of the whole group and close to the western edge of the 
mesa where the foot trails reach the summit. There is also great diver- 
sity in the arrangement of rooms. In some cases the clusters are quite 
compact, and in others the rooms are distributed in narrow rows. In 
the large cluster at the northwestern extremity the houses are arranged 
around a court; with this exception the clusters of rooms are scattered 
about in an irregular manner, regardless of any defensive arrangement 
of the buildings. The builders evidently placed the greatest reliance 
on their impregnable site, and freely adopted such arrangement as con- 
venience dictated. 
The masonry of these villages was roughly constructed, the walls be- 
ing often less than a foot thick. Very little adobe mortar seems to have 
been used; some of the thickest and best preserved walls have appar- 
ently been laid nearly dry (Pl. Lx1). The few openings still preserved 
also show evidence of hasty and careless construction. Over most of 
the area the débris of the fallen walls is verly clearly marked, and is but 
little encumbered with earth or drifted sand. This imparts an odd 
effect of newness to these ruins, as though the walls had recently fallen. 
The small amount of débris suggests that the majority of these buildings 
never were more than one story high, though in four of the broadest 
clusters (see plan, Pl. LX) a height of two, and possibly three, stories 
may have been attained. All the ruins are thickly covered by a very 
luxurious growth of braided cactus, but little of which is found else- 
where in the neighborhood. The extreme southeastern cluster, consist- 
ing of four large rooms, differs greatly in character from the rest of the 
ruins. Here the rooms or inclosures are defined only by a few stones 
on the surface of the ground and partly embedded in the soil. There is 
no trace of the débris of fallen walls. These outlined inclosures appear 
never to have been walled to any considerable height. Within one of 
the rooms is a slab of stone, about which a few ceremonial plume sticks 
have been set on end within recent times. 
The motive that led to the occupation of this mesa was defense; the 
sause that led to the selection of the particular site was facility for 
procuring a water supply. The trail on the west side passes a spring 
half way down the mesa. ‘There was another spring close to the foot 
