96 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
pueblo, but the partial restorations of the buildings by the Zuni farmers 
resemble more closely the modern arrangement. Small rooms have 
been added to the outside of the cluster and in some cases the terraces 
are reached by external stone steps, in contrast with the defensive 
arrangement prevailing generally in pueblos of this form. A number 
of dome-shaped ovens have been built outside the walls. 
The principle of pueblo plan embodied in Kin-tiel, before referred to, 
is traceable in this village with particular clearness, distinguishing it 
from most of the Cibolan pueblos. No traces of kivas were met with 
in this village. 
OJO CALIENTE. 
The farming village of Ojo Caliente is located near the dry wash of 
the Zuni River, and is about 15 miles distant from Zuni, in a southerly 
direction. It is about midway between Hawikuh and Ketchipauan, two 
of the seven cities of Cibola above described. Though situated in fer- 
tile and well watered country and close to the remains of the ancient 
villages, it bears indications of having been. built in comparatively 
recent times. There are no such evidences of connection with an older 
village as were found at Nutria and Peseado. The irregular and small 
clusters that form this village are widely scattered over a rather rough 
and broken site, as shown on the plan (Pl. Lxxmt). Here again a large 
portion of the village is untenanted. The large cluster toward the 
eastern extremity of the group, and the adjoining houses situated on 
the low, level ground, compose the present inhabited village. The houses 
occupying the elevated rocky sites to the west (Pl. LXXxIv) are in an 
advanced stage of decay, and have been for a long time abandoned. 
This southern portion of the Cibola district seems to have been much 
exposed to the inroads of the Apache. One of the effects of this has 
already been noticed in the defensive arrangement in the Ketchipauan 
chureh. On account of such danger, the Zuni were likely to have built 
the first house-clusters here on the highest points of the rocky promon- 
tory, notwithstanding the comparative inconvenience of such sites. 
Later, as the farmers gained confidence or as times became safer, they 
built houses down on the flat now occupied; but this apparently was 
not done all at once. The distribution of the houses over sites of vary- 
ing degrees of inaccessibility, suggests a succession of approaches to 
the occupation of the open and unprotected valley. 
Some of the masonry of this village is carelessly constructed, and, as 
in the other farming pueblos, there is much less adobe plastering and 
smoothing of outer walls than in the home pueblo. 
At the time of the survey the occupation of this village throughout 
the year was proposed by several families, who wished to resort to the 
parent village only at stated ceremonials and important festivals. The 
comparative security of recent times is thus tending to the disintegra- 
tion of the huge central pueblo. This result must be inevitable, as the 
ys 
