MINDELEFF. ] ZUNI. 97 
dying out of the defensive motive brings about a realization of the 
great inconvenience of the present centralized system. 
ZUNI. 
The pueblo of Zuni is built upon a small knoll on the north bank of 
the Zuni River, about three miles west of the conspicuous mesa of Taa- 
alyalana. Itis the successor of all the original ‘‘Seven Cities of Cibola” 
of the Spaniards, and is the largest of the modern pueblos. As before 
stated, the remains of Halona, one of the ‘‘seven cities,” as identified 
by Mr. Cushing, have served as a nucleus for the construction of the 
modern pueblo, and have been incorporated into the most densely elus- 
tered portions, represented on the plan (Pl. Lxxv1) by numbers 1 and 4, 
Some of the Cibolan villages were valley pueblos, built at a distance 
from the rocky mesas and canyons that must have served as quarries for 
the stone used in building. The Halona site was of this type, the 
nearest supply of stone being 3 miles distant. At this point (Halona) 
the Zuni River is perennial, and furnishes a plentiful supply of water 
at all seasons of the year. It disappears, however, a few miles west in 
a broad, sandy wash, to appear again 20 miles below the village, prob- 
ably through the accession of small streams from springs farther down. 
The so-called river furnishes the sole water supply at Zuni, with the 
exception of a single well or reservoir on the north side of the village. 
Zuni has been built at a point having no special advantages for de- 
fense; convenience to large areas of tillable soil has apparently led to 
the selection of the site. This has subjected it in part to the same 
influences that had at an earlier date produced the carefully walled 
fortress pueblos of the valleys, where the defensive efficiency was due 
to well planned and constructed buildings. The result is that Zui, 
while not comparable in symmetry to many of the ancient examples, 
displays a remarkably compact arrangement of dwellings in the por- 
tions of the pueblos first occupied, designated on the plan (Pl. Lxxvr) 
as houses 1 and 4. Owing to this restriction of lateral expansion this 
portion of the pueblo has been carried to a great height. 
Pl. LXXVIII gives a general view of these higher terraces of the village 
from the southeast. A height of five distinct terraces from the ground 
is attained on the south side of this cluster. The same point, however, 
owing to the irregularity of the site, is only three terraces above the 
ground on the north side. The summit of the knoll upon which the 
older portion of Zuni has been built is so uneven, and the houses them- 
selves vary so much in dimensions, that the greatest disparity prevails 
in the height of terraces. A three-terrace portion of a cluster may have 
but two terraces immediately alongside, and throughout the more closely 
built portions of the village the exposed height of terraces varies from 
1 foot to 8 or 10 feet. Pl. LXx1x illustrates this feature. 
The growth of the village has apparently been far beyond the origi- 
nal expectation of the builders, and the crowded additions seem to have 
8 ETH——7 
