98 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
been joined to the clusters wherever the demand for more space was 
most urgent, without following any definite plan in their arrangement. 
In such of the ancient pueblo ruins as afford evidence of having passed 
through a similar experience, the crowding of additional cells seems to 
have been made to conform to some extent to a predetermined plan. 
At Kin-tiel we have seen how such additions to the number of habitable 
rooms could readily be made within the open court without affecting 
the symmetry and defensive efficiency of the pueblo; but here the 
nucleus of the large clusters was small and compact, so that enlarge- 
ment has taken place only by the addition of rooms on the outside, both 
on the ground and on upper terraces. 
The highest point of Zuni, now showing five terraces, is said to have had 
a height of seven terraces as late as the middle of the present century, 
but at the time of the survey of the village no traces were seen of such 
additional stories. The top of the present fifth terrace, however, is 
more than 50 feet long, and affords sufficient space for the addition of 
a sixth and seventh story. 
The court or plaza in which the church (Pl. LXxxx) stands is so much 
larger than such inclosures usually are when incorporated in a pueblo 
plan that it seems unlikely to have formed part of the original village. 
It probably resulted from locating the church prior to the construction 
of the eastern rows of the village. Certain features in the houses them- 
selves indicate the later date of these rows. 
The arrangement of dwellings about a court (Pl. LXxx11), characteristic 
of the ancient pueblos, is likely to have prevailed in the small pueblo of 
Halona, about which clustered the many irregular houses that consti- 
tute modern Zuni. Occasional traces of such an arrangement are still 
met with in portions of Zuni, although nearly all of the ancient pueblo 
has been covered with rooms of later date. In the arrangement of Zuni 
houses a noticeable difference in the manner of clustering is found in 
different parts of the pueblo. That portion designated as house No. 1 
on the plan, built over the remains of the original small pueblo, is un- 
questionably the oldest portion of the village. The clustering seems to 
have gone on around this center to an extraordinary and exceptional 
extent before any houses were built in other portions. House No. 4 is 
a portion of the same structure, for although a street or passageway 
intervenes it is covered with two or three terraces, indicating that sueh 
connection was established at an early date. The rows on the lower 
ground to the east (PI. LXxx1), where the rooms are not so densely 
clustered, were built after the removal of the defensive motive that in- 
fluenced the construction of the central pile. These portions, arranged 
approximately in rows, show a marked resemblance to pueblos of known 
recent date. That they were built subsequently to the main clusters 
is also indicated by the abundant use of oblique openings and roof holes, 
where there is very little necessity for such contrivances. This feature 
was originally devised to meet the exceptional conditions of lighting 
