MINDELEFF. } ZUNI. 99 
imposed by dense crowding of the living rooms. It will be referred to 
again in examining the details of openings, and its wide departure from 
the arrangement found to prevail generally in pueblo constructions will 
there be noted. The habit of making such provisions for lighting inner 
rooms became fixed and was applied generally to many clusters much 
smaller in size than those of other pueblos where this feature was not 
developed and where the necessity for it was not felt. These less 
crowded rooms of more recent construction form the eastern portion of 
the pueblo, and also include the governor’s house on the south side. 
The old ceremonial rooms or kivas, and the rooms for the meeting of 
the various orders or secret societies were, during the Spanish oceu- 
pancy, crowded into the innermost recesses of this ancient portion of 
Zuni under house No. 1. But the kivas, in all likelihood, occupied a 
more marginal position before such foreign influence was brought to 
bear on them, as do some of the kivas at the present time, and as is the 
general practice in other modern pueblos. 
