CHAPTER IV. 
ARCHITECTURE OF TUSAYAN AND CIBOLA COMPARED BY CON- 
STRUCTIONAL DETAILS. : 
INTRODUCTION. 
In the two preceding chapters the more general features of form and 
distribution in the ruined and inhabited pueblos of Tusayan and Cibola 
have been described. In order to gain a full and definite idea of the 
architectural acquirements of the pueblo builders it will be necessary 
to examine closely the constructional details of their present houses, 
endeavoring, when practicable, to compare these details with the rather 
meager vestiges of similar features that have survived the destruction 
of the older villages, noting the extent to which these have departed 
from early types, and, where practicable, tracing the causes of such 
deviation. For convenience of comparison the various details of house- 
building for the two groups will be treated together. 
The writer is indebted to Mr. A. M. Stephen, the collector of the tra- 
ditionary data already given, for information concerning the rites con- 
nected with house building at Tusayan incorporated in the following 
pages, and also for the carefully collected and valuable nomenclature 
of architectural details appended hereto. Material of this class per- 
taining to the Cibola group of pueblos unfortunately could not be pro- 
cured. 
HOUSE BUILDING. 
RITES AND METHODS. 
The ceremonials connected with house building in Tusayan are quite 
meager, but the various steps in the ritual, described in their proper 
connection in the following paragraphs, are well defined and definitely 
assigned to those who participate in the construction of the buildings. 
So far as could be ascertained there is no prearranged plan for an 
entire house of several stories, or for the arrangement of contiguous 
houses. Most of the ruins examined emphasize this absence of a 
clearly defined general plan governing the location of rooms added to 
the original cluster. Two notable exceptions to this want of definite 
plan oecur among the ruins described. In Tusayan the Fire House (Fig. 
7) is evidently the result of a clearly defined purpose to give a definite 
form to the entire cluster, just as, on a very much larger scale, does 
the ruin of Kin-tiel, belonging to the Cibola group (PI. Lx111). In both 
these cases the fixing of the outer wall on a definite line seems to have 
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