104. PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
duty as additional drying racks. There was in all cases at least one 
fireplace on the inside in the upper stories, but the cooking was done 
on the terraces, usually at the end of the first or kikoli roof. This is 
still a general custom, and the end of the first terrace is usually walled 
up and roofed, and is called tupubi. Tuma is the name of the flat 
baking-stone used in the houses, but the flat stone used for baking at 
the kisi in the field is called tupubi. 
Kikoli is the name of the ground story of the house, which has no 
opening in the outer wall. 
The term for the terraced roofs is ihpobi, and is applied to all of 
them; but the tupatea ihpobi, or third terrace, is the place of general 
resort, and is regarded as a common loitering place, no one claiming 
distinct ownership. This is suggestive of an early communal dwelling, 
but nothing definite can now be ascertained on this point. In this con- 
nection it may also be noted that the eldest sister’s house is regarded 
as their home by her younger brothers and her nieces and nephews. 
Aside from the tupubi, there are numerous small rooms especially 
constructed for baking the thin, paper-like bread called piki. These 
are usually not more than from 5 to 7 feet high, with interior dimensions 
not larger than 7 feet by 10, and they are called tumcokobi, the place 
of the flat stone, tuma being the name of the stone itself, and teok 
describing its flat position. Many of the ground-floor rooms in the 
dwelling houses are also devoted to this use. 
The terms above are those more commonly used in referring to the 
houses and their leading features. A more exhaustive vocabulary of 
architectural terms, comprising those especially applied to the various 
constructional features of the kivas or ceremonial rooms, and to the 
“kisis,” or temporary brush shelters for field use, will be found near 
the end of this paper. 
The only trace of a traditional village plan, or arrangement of con- 
tiguous houses, is found in a meager mention in some of the traditions, 
that rows of houses were built to inclose the kiva, and to form an 
appropriate place for the public dances and processions of masked 
dancers. No definite ground plan, however, is ascribed to these tradi- 
tional court-inclosing houses, although at one period in the evolution 
of this defensive type of architecture they must have partaken some- 
what of the symmetrical grouping found on the Rio Chaco and else- 
where. 
LOCALIZATION OF GENTES. 
In the older and more symmetrical examples there was doubtless 
some effort to distribute the various gentes, or at least the phratries, in 
definite quarters of the village, as stated traditionally. At the present 
day, however, there is but little trace of such localization. In the case 
of Oraibi, the largest of the Tusayan villages, Mr. Stephen has with 
great care and patience ascertained the distribution of the various 
gentes in the village, as recorded on the accompanying skeleton plan 
