MINDELEFF. ] KIVAS IN TUSAYAN. 131 
chimney of this house will be noticed as differing materially, both in 
form and in its position in the room, from the Tusayan examples. This 
form is, however, the most common type of chimney used in Zuni at 
the present time, although many examples of the curved type also occur. 
Tt is built about midway of the long wall of the room. The Tusayan 
chimneys seldom occupy such a position, but are nearly always built in 
corners. The use of a pier or buttress-projection for the support of a 
roof girder that is characteristic of Tusayan is not practiced at Zuni to 
any extent. Deer horns have been built into the wall of the room to 
answer the purpose of pegs, upon which various household articles are 
suspended. 
The various features, whose positions in the pueblo dwelling house 
have been briefly described above, will each be made the subject of 
more exhaustive study in tracing the various modifications of form 
through which they have passed. The above outline will furnish a 
general idea of the place that these details occupy in the house itself. 
KIVAS IN TUSAYAN. 
General use of kivas—Wherever the remains of pueblo architecture 
occur among the plateaus of the southwest there appears in every im- 
portant village throughout all changes of form, due to variations of 
environment and other causes, the evidence of chambers of exceptional 
character. The chambers are distinguishable from the typical dwelling 
rooms by their size and position, and, generally, in ancient examples, 
by their circular form. This feature of pueblo architecture has survived 
to the present time, and is prominent in all modern pueblos that have 
come under the writer’s notice, including the villages of Acoma and 
Jemez, belonging to the Rio Grande group, as well as in the pueblos 
under discussion. In all the pueblos that have been examined, both 
ancient and modern, with the exception of those of Tusayan, these 
special rooms, used for ceremonial purposes, occupy marginal or semi- 
detached positions in the house clusters. The latter are wholly de- 
tached from the houses, as may be seen from the ground plans. 
Origin of the name.—Such ceremonial rooms are known usually by 
the Spanish term “estufa,” meaning literally a stove, and here used in 
the sense of “sweat house,” but the term is misleading, as it more prop- 
erly describes the small sweat houses that are used ceremonially by 
lodge-building Indians, such as the Navajo. Atthe suggestion of Major 
Powell the Tusayan word for this everpresent feature of pueblo archi- 
tecture has been adopted, as being much more appropriate. The word 
“kiva,” then, will be understood to designate the ceremonial chamber 
of the pueblo building peoples, ancient and modern. 
Antiquity of the kiva.—The widespread occurrence of this feature and 
its evident antiquity distinguish it as being especially worthy of ex- 
haustive study, especially as embodied in its construction may be found 
survivals of early methods of arrangement that have long ago become 
