Wty PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
extinct in the constantly improving art of housebuilding, but which 
are preserved through the well known tendency of the survival of 
ancient practice in matters pertaining to the religious observances of a 
primitive people. Unfortunately, in the past the Zuni have been ex- 
posed to the repressive policy of the Spanish authorities, and this has 
probably seriously affected the purity of the kiva type. At one time, 
when the ceremonial observances of the Zuni took place in secret for 
fear of incurring the wrath of the Spanish priests, the original kivas 
must have been wholly abandoned, and though at the present time 
some of the kivas of Zuni occupy marginal positions in the cell clus- 
ters, just as in many ancient examples, it is doubtful whether these 
rooms faithfully represent the original type of kiva. There seems to 
be but little structural evidence to distinguish the present kivas from 
ordinary large Zuni rooms beyond the special character of the fireplace 
and of the entrance trap door, features which will be fully described 
later. At Tusayan, on the other hand, we find a distinet and charac- 
teristic structural plan of the kiva, as well as many special constructive 
devices. Although the position of the ceremonial room is here excep- 
tional in its entire separation from the dwelling, this is due to clearly 
traceable influences in the immediate orographic environment, and the 
wholly subterranean arrangement of most of the kivas in this group is 
also due to the same local causes. 
Excavation of the kivaa—The tendency to depress or partly excavate 
the ceremonial chamber existed in Zuni, as in all the ancient pueblo 
buildings which have been examined; but the solid rock of the mesa 
tops in Tusayan did not admit of the necessary excavation, and the 
persistence of this requirement, which, as I shall elsewhere show, has 
an important connection with the early types of pueblo building, 
compelled the occupants of these rocky sites to locate their kivas 
at points where depressions already existed. Such facilities were most 
abundant near the margins of the mesas, where in many places large 
blocks of sandstone have fallen out from the edge of the surface stra- 
tui, leaving nearly rectangular spaces at the summit of the cliff 
wall. The construction of their villages on these rocky promontories 
forced the Tusayan builders to sacrifice, to a large extent, the tradi- 
tional and customary arrangement of the kivas within the house- 
inclosed courts of the pueblo, in order to obtain properly depressed 
sites. This accidental effect of the immediate environment resulted in 
giving unusual prominence to the sinking of the ceremonial room below 
the ground surface, but a certain amount of excavation is found as a 
constant accompaniment of this feature throughout the pueblo region 
in both ancient and modern villages. Even at Zuni, where the kivas 
appear to retain but few of the specialized features that distinguish 
them at Tusayan, the floors are found to be below the general level of 
the ground. But at Tusayan the development of this single require- 
ment has been carried to such an extent that many of the kivas are 
