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MINDELEFF ] KIVAS IN TUSAYAN. 113 
wholly subterranean. This is particularly the case with those that 
occupy marginal sites on the mesas, such as have been referred to 
above. In such instances the broken-out recesses in the upper rocks 
have been walled up on the outside, roughly lined with masonry within, 
and roofed over in the usual manner. In many cases the depth of 
these rock niches is such that the kiva roof when finished does not 
project above the general level of the mesa summit, and its earth coy- 
ering is indistinguishable from the adjoining surface, except for the 
presence of the box-like projection of masonry that surrounds the en- 
trance trap door and its ladder (see Pl. LXxxvit). Frequently in such 
vases the surface of the ground shows no evidence of the outlines or 
dimensions of the underlying room. Examples of such subterranean 
kivas may be seen in the foreground of the general view of a court in 
Oraibi (Pl. xxxvim), and in the view of the dance rock at Walpi (PI. 
XxIv). But such wholly subterranean arrangement of the ceremonial 
chamber is by no means universal even at Tusayan. Even when the 
kiva was placed within the village courts or close to the houses, in con- 
formity to the traditional plan and ancient practice as evidenced in the 
ruins, naturally depressed sites were still sought; but such sites as the 
mesa margin affords were rarely available at any distance from the 
rocky rim. The result is that most of the court kivas are only partly 
depressed. This is particularly noticeable in a court kiva in Shumo- 
pavi, an illustration of which is given in Fig. 14. 
The mungkiva or principal kiva of Shupaulovi, illustrated in Pl. 
XXXIII, is scarcely a foot above the ground level on the side towards 
the houses, but its rough walls are exposed to a height of several feet 
down on the declivity of the knoll. The view of the stone corrals of 
Mashongnayi, Shown in PI. CLrx, also illustrates a kiva of the type de- 
seribed. This chamber is constructed on a sharp slope of the declivity 
where a natural depression favored the builders. On the upper side 
the roof is even with the ground, but on its outer or southern side the 
masonry is exposed to nearly the whole depth of the chamber. At the 
north end of Shumopavi, just outside the houses, are two kivas, one of 
which is of the semi-subterranean type. The other shows scarcely any 
masonry above the ground outside of the box-like entrance way. PI. 
LXXXvul illustrates these two kivas as seen from the northeast, and 
shows their relation to the adjacent houses. The following (Fig. 21) 
illustrates the same group from the opposite point of view. 
Access.—The last described semi-subterranean kiva and the similar 
one in the court of the village, show a short flight of stone steps on 
their eastern side. Entrance to the ceremonial chamber is prevented 
when necessary by the removal of the ladder from the outside, or in 
some instances by the withdrawal of the rungs, which are loosely 
inserted into holes in the side pieces. There is no means of preventing 
access to the exposed trap doors, which are nearly on a level with the 
ground. As a matter of convenience and to facilitate the entrance into 
8 ETH——8 
