114 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
the kiva of costumed and masked dancers, often encumbered with 
clumsy paraphernalia, steps are permanently built into the outside wall 
of the kiva in direct contradiction to the ancient principles of construe- 
tion; that is, in having no permanent or fixed means of access from the 
ground to the first roof. These are the only cases in which stone steps 
spring directly from the ground, although they are a very important 
feature in Tusayan house architecture above the first story, as may be 
seen in any of the general views of the villages. The justification of 
such an arrangement in connection with the indefensible kiva roof lies 
obviously in the different conditions here found as compared with the 
dwellings. 
Fic. 21. North kivas of Shumopavi, seen from the southwest. 
The subterranean kiva of the Shumopavi group, above illustrated, 
is exceptional as occurring at some distance from the mesa rim. Prob- 
ably all such exceptions to the rule are located in natural fissures or 
crevices of the sandstone, or where there was some unusual facility for 
the excavation of the site to the required depth. The most noteworthy 
example of such inner kiva being located with reference to favorable 
rock fissures has been already described in discussing the ground plan 
of Walpi and its southern court-inclosed kiva (p. 65). 
Masonry.—The exterior masonry of these chambers seems in all cases 
to be of ruder construction than that of the dwelling houses. This is 
particularly noticeable in the kivas of Walpi on the mesa edge, but is 
apparent even in some of the Zuni examples. One of the kivas of 
house No. 1 in Zuni, near the churchyard, has small openings in its 
wall that are rudely framed with stone slabs set in a stone wall of ex- 
ceptional roughness. Apparently there has never been any attempt to 
smooth or reduce this wall to a finished surface with the usual coating 
of adobe mud. 
