MINDELEFF. | KIVAS IN TUSAYAN. 115 
In Tusayan also some of the kiva walls look as though they had been 
built of the first material that came to hand, piled up nearly dry, and 
with no attempt at the chinking of joints, that imparts some degree of 
finish to the dwelling-house masonry. The inside of these kivas, how- 
ever, is usually plastered smoothly, but the interior plastering is applied 
on a base of masonry even in the case of the kivas that are wholly 
subterranean. It seems to be the Tusayan practice to line all sides of 
the kivas with stone masonry, regardless of the completeness and fitness 
of the natural cavity. It is impossible, therefore, to ascertain from the 
interior of a kiva how much of the work of excavation is artificial and 
how much has been done by nature. The lining of masonry probably 
holds the plastering of adobe mud much better than the naked surface 
of the rock, but the Tusayan builders would hardly resort to so labor- 
ious a device to gain this small advantage. The explanation of this 
apparent waste of labor lies in the fact that kivas had been built of 
masonry from time immemorial, and that the changed conditions of the 
present Tusayan environment have not exerted their influence for a 
sufficient length of time to overcome the traditional practice. As will 
be seen later, the building of a kiva is accompanied by certain rites and 
ceremonies based on the use of masonry walls, additional testimony of 
the comparatively recent date of the present subterranean types. 
Orientation.—In questioning the Tusayan on this subject Mr. Stephen 
vas told that no attention to the cardinal points was observed in the 
plan, although the walls are spoken of according to the direction to 
which they most closely approximate. An examination of the village 
plans of the preceding chapters, however, will show a remarkable de- 
gree of uniformity in the directions of kivas which can scarcely be due 
to accident in rooms built on such widely differing sites. The intention 
seems to have been to arrange these ceremonial chambers approxi- 
mately on the north and south line, though none of the examples ap- 
proach the meridian very closely. Most of them face southeast, though 
some, particularly in Walpi, face west of south. In Walpi four of 
the five kivas are planned on a southwest and northeast line, following 
the general direction of the mesa edge, while the remaining one faces 
southeast. The difference in this last case may have been brought 
about by exigencies of the site on the mesa edge and the form of the 
cavity in which the kiva was built. Again at Hano and Sichumovi 
(Pls. Xvi and Xvyitt) on the first mesa this uniformity of direction pre- 
vails, but, as the plans show, the kivas in these two villages are few in 
number. The two kivas of Shupaulovi will be seen (Pl. xxx) to have 
the same direction, viz, facing southeast. In Shumopavi (BIE xxaxmy) 
there are four kivas all facing southeast. In Mashongnavi, however 
(Pl. xxv1), the same uniformity does not prevail. Three of the kivas 
face south of east, and two others built in the edge of the rocky bench 
on the south side of the village face west of south. In the large village 
