116 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
of Oraibi there is remarkable uniformity in the direction of the many 
kivas, there being a variation of only a few degrees in direction in the 
whole number of thirteen shown on the plan (Pl. xxxv1). But in the 
case of the large kiva partly above ground designated as the Coyote 
kiva, the direction from which it is entered is the reverse of that of the 
other kivas. No explanation is offered that will account for this curious 
single exception to the rule. The intention of the builders has evi- 
dently been to make the altar and its attendant structural features con- 
form to a definite direction, fixed, perhaps, by certain requirements of 
the ceremonial, but the irregularity of the general village plan in many 
eases resulting from its adaptation to restricted sites, has given rise to 
the variations that are seen. 
In Zuni there was an evident purpose to preserve a certain uniform- 
ity of direction in the kiva entrances. In house No. 1 (Pls. Lxxvi and 
LXXVI1) there are two kivas, distinguishable on the plan by the large 
divided trap door, The entrance of these both face southeast, and it 
‘an readily be seen that this conformity has been provided intention- 
ally, since the rooms themselves do not correspond in arrangement. 
The roof opening is in one case across the room and in the other it is 
placed longitudinally. As has been pointed out above, the general 
plan of arranging the kivas is not so readily distinguished in Zuni 
as in Tusayan. Uniformity, so far as it is traceable, is all the more 
striking as occurring where there is so much more variation in the 
directions of the walls of the houses. Still another confirmation is fur- 
nished by the pueblo of Acoma, situated about 60 miles eastward 
from Zuni. Here the kivas are six in number and the directions of all 
the examples are found to vary but a few degrees. These also face 
east of south. 
There are reasons for believing that the use of rectangular kivas is 
of later origin in the pueblo system of building than the use of the 
circular form of ceremonial chamber that is of such frequent occurrence 
among the older ruins. Had strict orientation of the rectangular kiva 
prevailed for long periods of time it would undoubtedly have exerted a 
strong influence towards the orientation of the entire pueblo clusters in 
which the kivas were incorporated; but in the earlier circular form, the 
constructional ceremonial devices could occupy definite positions in 
relation to the cardinal points at any part of the inner curve of the wall 
without necessarily exerting any influence on the directions of adjoin- 
ing dwellings. 
The ancient form of kiva.—In none of the ruins examined in the 
province of Tusayan have distinet traces of ancient kivas been found, 
nor do any of them afford evidence as to the character of the ceremonial 
rooms. It is not likely, however, that the present custom of building 
these chambers wholly under ground prevailed generally among the 
earlier Tusayan villages, as some of the remains do not occupy sites 
that would suggest such arrangement. The typical cireular kiva char- 
