120 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
The roof timbers were finally distributed among the people of Shumo- 
pavi and Shupaulovi. At Shumopavi one of the kivas, known as the 
Nuvwatikyuobi (The-high-place-of-snow —San Francisco Mountains) 
kiva, was built only 8 years ago. The main roof timbers are seven in 
number. Four of them are hewn with flat sides, 8 by 12 inches to 9 
by 13 inches; the other three are round, the under sides slightly hewn, 
and they are 12 inches in diameter. These timbers were brought from 
the San Francisco Mountains while the Spaniards were here. The 
Shumopavi account states that the people were compelled te drag most 
of the timbers with ropes, although oxen were also used in some cases, 
and that the Spaniards used them to roof their mission buildings. 
After the destruction of the mission these timbers were used in the 
construction of a dwelling house, which, falling into ruin, was aban- 
doned and pulled down. Subsequently they were utilized as described 
above. In the Teosobi, Jay, the main timbers were taken out of it 
many years ago and used in another kiva. The timbers now in the roof 
are quite small and are laid in pairs, but they are old and much de- 
cayed. In the Gyarzobi, Paroquet, are six squared timbers from the 
Spanish mission buildings, measuring 9 by 13 inches, 8 by 12 inches, 
etc. These have the same curious grooved and dotted ornamentation 
that occurs on the square beam of Shupaulovi, above described. At 
the other end of the kiva are also two unusually perfect round timbers 
that may have come from the mission ruin. AII of these show marks 
of fire, and are in places deeply charred. 
In continuation of the kiva building process, the tops of the walls are 
brought to an approximate level. The main roof timbers are then taid 
parallel with the end walls, at irregular distances, but less than 3 feet 
apart, except near the middle, where a space of about 7 feet is left be- 
tween two beams, as there the hatchway is to be built. The ends of 
the timbers rest upon the side walls, and as they are placed in position 
a small feather, to which a bit of cotton string is tied (nakwakwoci) 
is also placed under each. Stout poles, from which the bark has been 
stripped, are laid at right angles upon the timbers, with slight spaces 
between them. Near the center of the kiva two short timbers are laid 
across the two main beams about 5 feet apart; this is done to preserve 
a space of 5 by 7 feet for the hatchway, which is made with walls of 
stone laid in mud plaster, resting upon the two central beams and upon 
the two side pieces. This wall or combing is carried up so as to be at 
least 18 inches above the level of the finished roof. Across the poles, 
covering the rest of the roof, willows and straight twigs of any kind are 
laid close together, and over these is placed a layer of dry grass arranged 
in regular rows. Maud is then carefully spread over the grass to a depth 
of about 3 inches, and after it has nearly dried it is again gone over so 
as to fill up all the cracks. <A layer of dry earth is then spread over 
all and firmly trodden down, to render the roof water-tight and bring 
its surface level with the surrounding ground, following the same method 
and order of construction that prevails in dwelling-house buildings. 
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