MINDELEFY. } USES OF KIVAS. 131 
kiva of Shupaulovi, illustrated in plan in Fig. 25, contains an example 
of this ancient form. In one of the newest kivas of Mashongnavi the 
plank of the sipapuh is pierced with a 
square hole, which is cut with a shoulder, 
the shoulder supporting the plug with which 
the orifice is closed (see Fig. 30). This is 
a decided innovation on the traditional 
form, as the orifice from which the people 
emerged, which is symbolized in the sipa- 
puh, is deseribed as being of cireular form 
in all the versions of the Tusayan genesis 
myth. The presence of the sipapuh possi- 
bly at one time distinguished such kivas 
as were considered strictly consecrated 
Fig. 30. Rectangular apuh in a 
Mashongnavi kiva. 
to religious observances from those that were of more general use. 
At Tusayan, at the present time, certain societies do not meet in the 
ordinary kiva but in an apartment of a dwelling house, each society 
having its own exclusive place of meeting. The house so used is called 
the house of the “Sister of the eldest brother,” meaning, probably, that 
she is the descendant of the founder of the society. This woman’s 
house is also called the ‘house of grandmother,” and in it is preserved 
the tiponi and other fetiches of the society. The tiponi is a ceremonial 
object about 18 inches long, consisting of feathers set upright around 
a small disk of silicified wood, which serves as its base when set upon 
the altar. This fetich is also called iso (grandmother), hence the name 
given to the house where it is kept. In the house, where the order of 
warriors (Kuleataka) meets, the eldest son of the woman who owns it 
is the chief of the order. The apartment in which they meet is a low 
room on the ground floor, and is entered only by a hatchway and ladder. 
There is no sipapuh in this chamber, for the warriors appeal directly to 
Cotukinungwa, the heart of the zenith, the sky god. Large figures of 
animal fetiches are painted in different colors upon the walls. On the 
west wall is the Mountain Lion; on the south, the Bear; on the east, 
the Wild Cat, surmounted with a shield inclosing a star; on the north, 
the White Wolf; and on the east side of this figure is painted a large 
disk, representing the sun. The walls of the chambers of the other 
societies are not decorated permanently. Here is, then, really another 
class of kiva, although it is not so called by the people on the Walpi 
mesa. The ordinary term for the ground story rooms is used, “kikoli,” 
the house without any opening in its walls. But on the second mesa, 
and at Oraibi, although they sometimes use this term kikoli, they com- 
monly apply the term “kiva” to the ground story of the dwelling house 
used as well as to the underground chambers. 
It is probable that a class of kivas, not specially consecrated, has 
existed from a very early period. The rooms in the dwelling houses 
have always been small and dark, and in early times without chimneys. 
