138 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
covering the masonry, but this is not done in many of the houses, as 
may be seen by reference to the preceding illustrations of the Tusayan 
villages. At Zuni, on the other hand, a liberal and frequently renewed 
coating of mud is applied to the walls. Only one piece of masonry was 
seen in the entire village that did not have traces of this coating of 
mud, viz, that portion of the second story wall of house No. 2 described 
as possibly belonging to the ancient nucleus pueblo of Halona and illus- 
trated in Pl. Lyi. Even the rough masonry of the kivas is partly 
surfaced with this medium, though many jagged stones are still visible. 
Asa result of this practice it is now in many cases impossible to deter- 
mine from mere superficial inspection whether the underlying masonry 
has been constructed of stone or of adobe; a difficulty that may be 
realized from an examination of the views of Zuniin Chapter 11. Where 
the fall of water, such as the discharge from a roof-drain, has removed 
the outer coating of mud that covers stonework and adobe alike, a large 
proportion of these exposures reveal stone masonry, so that it is clearly 
apparent that Zuni is essentially a stone village. The extensive use of 
sun-dried bricks of adobe has grown up within quite recent times. It 
is apparent, however, that the Zuni builders preferred to use stone; 
and even at the present time they frequently eke out with stonework 
portions of a house when the supply of adobe has fallen short. An 
early instance of such supplementary use of stone masonry still sur- 
vives in the church building, where the old Spanish adobe has been 
repaired and filled in with the typical tabular aboriginal masonry, con- 
sisting of small stones carefully laid, with very little intervening mortar 
showing on the face. Such reversion to aboriginal methods probably 
took place on every opportunity, though it is remarkable that the 
Indians should have been allowed to employ their own methods in this 
instance. Although this chureh building has for many generations 
furnished a conspicuous example of typical adobe construction to the 
Zuni, he has never taken the lesson sufficiently to heart to closely imi- 
tate the Spanish methods either in the preparation of the material or in 
the manner of its use. The adobe bricks of the church are of large and 
uniform size, and the mud from which they were made had a liberal 
admixture of straw. This binding material does not appear in Zuni in 
any other example of adobe that has been examined, nor does it seem 
to have been utilized in any of the native pueblo work either at this 
place_or at Tusayan. Where molded adobe bricks have been used by 
the Zuni in housebuilding they have been made from the raw material 
just as it was taken from the fields. As a result these bricks have 
little of the durability of the Spanish work. Pl. xcvr illustrates an 
adobe wall of Zuni, part of an unroofed house. The old adobe church 
at Hawikuh (PI. xiviit), abandoned for two centuries, has withstood 
the wear of time and weather better than any of the stonework of the 
surrounding houses. On the right-hand side of the street that shows 
in the foreground of Pl. Lxxvu1 is an illustration of the construction 
