144 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
finish. The occasional examples of rougher masonry do not seem to be 
confined to any particular portion of the village. At Tusayan, on the 
other hand, there is a noticeable difference in the extent to which the 
finishing coat of adobe has been used in the masonry. The villages of 
the first mesa, whose occupants have come in frequent contact with the 
eastern pueblo Indians and with outsiders generally, show the effect in 
the adoption of several devices still unknown to their western neighbors, 
as is Shown in the discussion of the distribution of roof openings in 
these villages, pp. 201-208. The builders of the first mesa seem also to 
have imitated their eastern brethren in the free use of the adobe coat- 
ing over their masonry, while at the villages of the middle mesa, and par- 
ticularly at Oraibi, the practice has been comparatively rare, impart- 
ing an appearance of ruggedness and antiquity to the architecture, 
The stonework of this village, perhaps approaches the ancient types 
more closely than that of the others, some of the walls being noticeable 
for the frequent use of long bond stones. The execution of the masonry 
at the corners of some of the houses enforces this resemblance and indi- 
cates a knowledge of the principles of good construction in the proper 
alternation of the long stones. A comparison with the Kin-tiel masonry 
(Pl. LXXXIX) will show this resemblance. As a rule in pueblo masonry 
an upper house wall was supported along its whole length by a wall of 
a lower story, but occasional exceptions occur in both ancient and 
modern work, where the builders have dared to trust the weight of 
upper walls to wooden beams or girders, supported along part of their 
length by buttresses from the walls at their ends or by large, clumsy 
pieces of masonry, as was seen in the house of Sichumovi. In an upper 
story of Walpi also, partitions occur that are not built immediately over 
the lower walls, but on large beams supported on masonry piers. In the 
much higher terraces of Zuni, the strength of many of the inner 
ground walls must be seriously taxed to withstand the superincumbent 
weight, as such walls are doubtless of only the average thickness and 
strength of ground walls. The dense clustering of this village has 
certainly in some instances thrown the weight of two, three, or even 
four additional stories upon walls in which no provision was made for 
the unusual strain. The few supporting walls that were accessible to 
inspection did not indicate any provision in their thickness for the sup- 
port of additional weight; in fact, the builders of the original walls 
could have no knowledge of their future requirements in this respect. 
In the pueblos of the Chaco upper partition walls were, in a few instances, 
supported directly on double girders, two posts of 12 or 14 inches in 
diameter placed side by side, without reinforcement by stone piers or 
buttresses, the room below being left wholly unobstructed. This con- 
struction was practicable for the careful builders of the Chaco, but an 
attempt by the Tusayan to achieve the same result would probably end 
in disaster. It was quite common among the ancient builders to divide 
the ground or storage floor into smaller rooms than the floor above, still 
preserving the vertical alignment of the walls. 
