ala 
MINDELEFF. } USE OF LARGE SLABS OF STONE. 147 
least laborious means of inclosing the required space. The character 
of these garden walls is illustrated in Pl. xc, and their construction 
with rough lumps of crude adobe shows also the contrast between the 
weak appearance of this work and the more substantial effect of the 
masonry of the adjoining unfinished house. At the Cibolan farming 
pueblos ineclosing walls were usually made of stone, as were also those 
of Tusayan. Pl. Lxx indicates the manner in which the material has 
been used in the corrals of Pesecado, located within the village. The 
stone walls are used in combination with stakes, such as are employed 
at the main pueblo. 
Small inclosed gardens, like those of Zuni, occur at several points in 
Tusayan. The thin walls are made of dry masonry, quite as rude in 
character as those ineclosing the Zuni gardens. The smaller clusters 
are usually located in the midst of large areas of broken stone that has 
fallen from the mesa above. In the foreground of Pl. xx11 may be seen 
a munber of examples of such work. PI. xcr illustrates a group of cor- 
rals at Oraibi whose walls are laid up without the use of mud mortar. 
Where exceptionally large blocks of stone are available they have 
been utilized in an upright position, and occur at greater or less inter- 
vals along the thin walls of dry masonry. Anexample of this use was 
seen in a garden wall on the west side of Walpi, where the stones had 
been set on end in the yielding surface of a sandy slope among the foot- 
hills. A similar arrangement, occurring close to the houses at Ojo Cal- 
iente, is illustrated in Pl. xcr. Large, upright slabs of stone have 
been used by the pueblo builders in many ways, sometimes incorporated 
into the architecture of the houses, and again in detached positions at 
some distance from the villages. Pls. xc and xcty, drawn from the 
photographs of Mr. W. H. Jackson, afford illustrations of this usage in 
the ancient ruins of Montezuma Canyon. In the first of these cases the 
stones were utilized, apparently, in house masonry. Among the ruins 
in the valley of the San Juan and its tributaries, as described by Messrs. 
W. H. Holmes and W. H. Jackson, varied arrangements of upright 
slabs of stone are of frequent occurrence. The rows of stones are some- 
times arranged in squares, Sometimes in circles, and occasionally are 
incorporated into the walls of ordinary masonry, as in the example illus- 
trated. Isolated slabs are also met with among the ruins. At K’ia- 
kima, at a point near the margin of the ruin, occurs a series of very 
large, upright slabs, which occupy the positions of headstones to a 
number of small inclosures, thought to be mortuary, outlined upon 
the ground. These have been already described in connection with the 
ground plan of this village. 
The employment of upright slabs of stone to mark graves probably 
prevailed to some extent in ancient practice, but other uses suggest 
themselves. Occupying a conspicuous point in the village of Kin-tiel 
(Pl. Lx11) is an upright slab of sandstone which seems to stand in its 
original position undisturbed, though the walls of the adjoining rooms 
