148 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
are in ruins. <A similar feature was seen at Penasco Blanco, on the 
east side of the village and a short distance without the inclosing wall. 
Both these rude pillars are, in character and in position, very similar to 
an upright stone of known use at Zuni. A hundred and fifty feet from 
this pueblo is a large upright block of sandstone, which is said to be 
used as a datum point in the observations of the sun made by a priest 
of Zuni for the regulation of the time for planting and harvesting, for 
determining the new year, and for fixing the dates of certain other 
ceremonial observances. By the aid of such devices as the native 
priests have at their command they are enabled to fix the date of the 
winter solstice with a fair degree of accuracy. Such rude determination 
of time was probably an aboriginal invention, and may have furnished 
the motive in other cases for placing stone pillars in such unusual posi- 
tions. The explanation of the governor of Zuni for a sun symbol seen 
on an upright stone at Matsaki has been given in the description of 
that place. Single slabs are also used, as seen in the easternmost room 
group of Taaaiyalana, and in the southwestern cluster on the same 
mesa, in the building of shrines for the deposit of plume sticks and 
other ceremonial objects. 
An unusual employment of small stones in an upright position oceurs 
at Zuni. The inclosing wall of the church yard, still used as a burial 
place, is provided at intervals along its top with upright pieces of stone 
set into the joints of a regular coping course that caps the wall. This 
feature may have some connection with the idea of vertical grave 
stones, noted at Wiakima. It is difficult to surmise what practical pur- 
pose could have been subserved by these small upright stones. 
Notwithstanding the use of large stones for special purposes the pueblo 
builders rarely appreciated the advantages that might be obtained by 
the proper use of such material. Pueblo masonry is essentially made 
up of small, often minute, constructional units. This restriction doubt- 
less resulted in a higher degree of mural finish than would otherwise 
have been attained, but it also imposes certain limitations upon their 
architectural achievement. Some of these are noted in the discussion 
of openings and of other details of construction. 
Pl. xiv, an illustration of a Mormon mill building at Moen-kopi, 
already referred to in the description of that village, is introduced for 
the purpose of comparing the methods adopted by the natives and by 
the whites in the treatment of the same class of material. Perhaps the 
most noteworthy contrast is seen in the sills and lintels of the openings. 
ROOFS AND FLOORS. 
In the pueblo system of building, roof and floor is one; for all the 
floors, except such as are formed immediately on the surface of the 
ground, are at the same time the roofs and ceilings of lower rooms. 
The pueblo plan of to-day readily admits of additions at any time and 
almost at any point of the basal construction. The addition of rooms 
Ew 
