150 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
this respect more closely resembling the rooms of the ancient pueblos. 
As a result the poorer classes would be more likely to perpetuate primi- 
tive devices, through the necessity for practicing methods that to the 
wealthier members of the tribe were becoming a matter of tradition 
only. Insuch a sedentary tribe as the present Zuni, these differences 
of wealth and station are more marked than one would expect to find 
among a people practicing a style of architecture so evidently influenced 
by the communal principle, and the architecture of to-day shows the 
effect of such distinctions. In the house of the governor of Zuni a new 
room has been recently built, in which the second series of the roof, 
that applied over the principal beams, consisted of pine shakes or 
shingles, and these supported the final earth covering without any in- 
tervening material. In the typical arrangement, however, illustrated 
in the figure, the first series, or principal beams, are covered by another 
series of small poles, about an inch and a half or two inches in diameter, 
at right angles to the first, and usually laid quite close together. The 
ends of these small poles are partially embedded in the masonry of the 
walls. In an example of the more careful and laborious work of the 
ancient builders seen at Penasco Blanco, on the Chaco, the principal 
beams were covered with narrow boards, from 2 to 4 inches wide and 
about 1 inch thick, over which was put the usual covering of earth. 
The boards had the appearance of having been split out with wedges, 
the edges and faces having the characteristic fibrous appearance of 
torn or split wood. At Zuni an instance occurs where split poles have 
been used for the second series of a roof extending through the whole 
thickness of the wall and projecting outside, as is commonly the case 
with the first series. A similar arrangement was seen in a ruined tower 
in the vicinity of Fort Wingate, New Mexico. In the typical roof con- 
struction illustrated the second series is covered with small twigs or 
brush, laid in close contact and at right angles to the underlying series, 
or parallel with the main beams. PJ. xcy1, illustrating an unroofed 
adobe house in Zuni, shows several bundles of this material on an adjoin- 
ing roof. This series is in turn covered with a layer of grass and small 
brush, again at right angles, which prepares the frame for the reception 
of the final earth covering, this latter being the fifth application to the 
roof. In the example illustrated the entire earth covering of the roof 
was finished in a single application of the material. It has been seen 
that at Tusayan a layer of moistened earth is applied, followed by a 
thicker layer of the dry soil. 
In ancient construction, the method of arranging the material varied 
somewhat. In some cases series 38 was very carefully constructed of 
straight willow wands laid side by side in contact. This gave a very 
neat appearance to the ceiling within the room. Examples were seen 
in Canyon de Chelly, at Mummy Cave, and at Hungo Pavie and Pueblo 
Bonito on the Chaco. 
Again examples occur where series 2 is composed of 2-inch poles 
in contact and the joints are chinked on the upper side with small 
