156 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
away in a few weeks so that the road becomes wholly impassable, and 
must be abandoned for a new one alongside. 
Fia, 44. Zuni roof drain, with splash stones on roof below. 
The shiftlessness of the native builders in the use of the more conven- 
ient material brings its own penalty during this season in a necessity 
for constant watchfulness and frequent repairs to keep the houses habit- 
able. One can often see in Zuni where an inefficient drain or a broken 
coping has given the water free access to the face of a plastered wall, 
carrying away all its covering and exposing in a vertical space the 
jagged stones of the underlying masonry. It is noticeable that much 
more attention has been paid to protective devices at Zuni than at 
Tusayan. This is undoubtedly due to the prevalent use of adobe in the 
former. This friable material must be protected at all vulnerable 
points with slabs of stone in order quickly to divert the water and pre- 
serve the roofs and walls from destruction. 
LADDERS AND STEPS. 
In the inclosed court of the old fortress pueblos the first terrace was 
reached only by means of ladders, but the terraces or rooms above this 
were reached both by ladders and steps. The removal of the lower tier 
of ladders thus gave security against intrusion and attack. The build- 
ers of Tusayan have preserved this primitive arrangement in much 
greater purity than those of Cibola. 
In Zuni numerous ladders are seen on every terrace, but the purpose 
of these, on the highest terraces, is not to provide access to the rooms 
of the upper story, which always have external doors opening on the 
terraces, but to facilitate repairs of the roofs. At Tusayan, on the 
