168 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
ing the dwelling. It was placed in the center of the floor in order that 
the occupants of the house might conveniently gather around it. One 
of the first improvements made in this shallow indoor cooking pit must 
have consisted in surrounding it with a wall of sufficient height to pro- 
tect the fire against drafts, as seen in the outdoor pits of Tusayan. In 
excavating a room in the ancient pueblo of Kin-tiel, a completely pre- 
served fireplace, about a foot deep, and walled in with thin slabs of stone 
set on edge, was brought to light. The depression had been hollowed 
out of the solid rock. 
This fireplace, together with the room in which it was found, is illus- 
trated in Pl. c and Fig. 60. It is of rectangular form, but other ex- 
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Fic. 60. Ground plan of an excavated room in Kin-tiel. 
amples have been found which are circular. Mr. W. H. Jackson de- 
scribes a fireplace in a cliff dwelling in “ Echo Cave” that consisted of 
a circular, basin-like depression 30 inches across and 10 inches deep. 
Rooms furnishing evidence that fires were made in the corners against 
the walls are found in many cliff dwellings; the smoke escaped over- 
head, and the blackened walls afford no trace of a chimney or flue of 
any kind. 
The pueblo chimney is undoubtedly a post-Spanish feature, and the 
best forms in use at the present time are probably of very recent origin, 
though they are still associated with fireplaces that have departed little 
from the aboriginal form seen at Kin-tiel and elsewhere. It is interest- 
ing to note, in this connection, that the ceremony consecrating the house 
is performed in Tusayan before the chimney is added, suggesting that 
the latter feature did not form a part of the aboriginal dwelling. 
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