MINDELEEFF. } CHIMNEYS. 173 
height to support one side of the hood. The opposite side of the hood 
is Supported by a flat stone, firmly set on edge into the masonry of the 
Fic. 66. Unplastered Zuni chimney hoods, illustrating construction. 
wall. The front of the hood is supported by a second flat stone which 
rests at one end on a rude shoulder in the projecting slab, and at the 
other end upon the front edge of the buttress. It would be quite practi- 
cable for the pueblo builders to form a notch in the lower corner of the 
supported stone to rest firmly upon a projection of the supporting stone, 
but in the few cases in which the construction could be observed no 
such treatment was seen, for they depended mainly on the interlocking 
of the ragged ends of the stones. This structure serves to support the 
body of the flue, usually with an intervening stone-covered space form- 
ing a shelf. At the present period the flue is usually built of thin 
sandstone slabs, rudely adjusted to afford mutual support. The whole 
structure is bound together and smoothed over with mud plastering, 
and is finally finished with the gypsum wash, applied also to the rest 
of the room. Mr. A. F, Bandelier describes “a regular chimney, with 
mantel and shelf, built of stone slabs,” which he found ‘in the caves of 
the Rito de los Frijoles, as well as in the cliff dwellings of the regular 
detached family house type,”! which, from the description, must have 
closely resembled the Zuni chimney described above. Houses contain- 
ing such devices may be quite old, but if so they were certainly reoccu- 
pied in post-Spanish times. Such dwellings are likely to have been 
used as places of refuge in times of danger up to a comparatively recent 
date. 
Among the many forms of chimneys and fireplaces seen in Tusayan 
a curious approach to our own arrangement of fireplace and mantel was 
noticed in a house in Sichumoyi. In addition to the principal mantel 
ledge, a light wooden shelf was arranged against the wall on one side 
of the flue, one of its ends being supported by an upright piece of 
wood with a cap, and the other resting on a peg driven into the wall. 
This fireplace and mantel is illustrated in Fig. 67. 
Aside from the peculiar “ guyave” or “ piki” baking oven, there is but 
little variation in the form of indoor fireplaces in Cibola, while in Tu- 
sayan it appears to have been subjected to about the same mutations 
1Vifth Ann. Rept. Arch. Inst. Am., p. 74. 
