178 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
inasimilarmanner, Several specimens were seen in which the cooking 
pit of the ordinary depressed type, excavated near an inner corner of a 
house wall, was provided with sheltering masonry and a chimney cap; 
but such an arrangement is by no means of frequent occurrence. Fig. 
73 illustrates an example that was seen on the east side of Shumopavi. 
It will be noticed that in the use of this arrangement on the ground—an 
Fic.73 A ground cooking-pit of Shumopavi covered with a chimney. 
arrangement that evidently originated on the terraces—the builders 
have reverted to the earlier form of excavated pit. In other respects 
the example illustrated is not distinguishable from the terrace forms 
above described. 
In the discussion of the details of kiva arrangement in Tusayan (p. 121) 
it was shown that the chimney is not used in any form in these cere- 
monial chambers; but the simple roofopening forming the hatchway 
serves as a smoke vent, without the addition of either an internal hood 
or an external shaft. In the Zuni kivas the smoke also finds vent 
through the opening that gives access to the chamber, but in the fram- 
ing of the roof, as is shown elsewhere, some distinction between door 
and chimney is observed. The roof-hole is made double, one portion 
accommodating the ingress ladder and the other intended to serve for 
the egress of the smoke. 
The external chimney of the pueblos is a simple structure, and exhibits 
but few variations from the type. The original form was undoubtedly 
a mere hole in the roof; its use is perpetuated in the kivas. This prim- 
itive form was gradually improved by raising its sides above the roof, 
forming a rudimentary shaft. The earlier forms are likely to have been 
rectangular, the round following and developing later short masonry 
shafts which were finally given height by the addition of chimney pots. 
In Zuni the chimney has occasionally developed into a rather tall shaft, 
projecting sometimes to a height of 4 or 5 feet above the roof. This is 
particularly noticeable on the lower terraces of Zuni, the chimneys of 
Care 
