MINDELEFF. } CHIMNEY-TOPS. 9 
the higher rooms being more frequently of the short types prevalent in 
the farming pueblos of Cibolaandin Tusayan. The tall chimneys found 
in Zuni proper, and consisting often of four or five chimney pots on a 
substructure of masonry, are undoubtedly due to the same conditions 
that have so much influenced other constructional details; that is, the 
exceptional height of the clusters and crowding of the rooms. As ¢ 
result of this the chimney is a more conspicuous feature in Zuni than 
elsewhere, as will be shown by acomparison of the views of the villages 
given in Chapters 111 and Iv. 
In Tusayan many of the chimneys are quite low, a single pot sur- 
mounting a masonry substructure not more than 6 inches high being 
quite common. As a rule, however, the builders preferred to use a 
series of pots. Two typical Tusayan chimneys are illustrated in Fig. 
74. Most of the substructures for chimneys in this province are rudely 
Fic. 74. Tusayan chimneys. 
rectangular in form, and clearly expose the rough stonework of the 
masonry, while in Zuni the use of adobe generally obliterates all traces 
of construction. In both provinces chimneys are seen without the 
chimney pot. These usually occur in clusters, simply because the 
builder of a room or group of rooms preferred that form of chimney. 
Pl. cr illustrates a portion of the upper terraces of Zuni where a num- 
ber of masonry chimneys are grouped together. Those on the highest 
roof are principally of the rectangular form, being probably a direct 
development from the square roof hole. The latter is still sometimes 
seen with a rim rising several inches above the roof surface and formed 
of slabs set on edge or of ordinary masonry. These upper chimneys 
are often closed or covered with thin slabs of sandstone laid over them 
in the same manner as the roof holes that they resemble. The fireplaces 
to which some of them belong appear to be used for heating the rooms 
rather than for cooking, as they are often disused for long periods dur- 
ing the summer season. 
