180 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
Pl. ct also illustrates chimneys in which pots have been used in con- 
nection with masonry bases, and also a round masonry chimney. The 
latterisiminediately behind the single pot chimney seen in the foreground. 
On the extreme left of the figure is shown a chimney into which fire 
pots have been incorporated, the lower ones being almost concealed 
from view by the coating of adobe. A similar effect may be seen in the 
small chimney on the highest roof Shown in Pl. Lyi. Pl.LxXxx11 shows 
various methods of using the chimney pots. In one case the chimney 
is capped with a reversed large-mouthed jar, the broken bottom serv- 
ing as an outlet for the smoke. The vessel usually employed for this 
purpose is an ordinary black cooking pot, the bottom being burned out, 
or otherwise rendered unfit for household use. Other vessels are occa- 
sionally used. Pl. LXXxii1 shows the use, as the crowning member of 
the chimney, of an ordinary water jar, with dark decorations on a white 
ground. A vessel very badly broken is often made to serve in chimney 
building by skillful use of mud and mortar. To facilitate smoke exit 
the upper pot is made to overlap the neck of the one below by break- 
ing out the bottom sufficiently. The joining is not often visible, as it 
is usually coated with adobe. The lower pots of a series are in many 
cases entirely embedded in the adobe. 
The pueblo builder has never been able to construct a detached chim- 
ney a full story in height, either with or without the aid of chimney pots ; 
where it is necessary to build such shafts to obtain the proper draft he 
is compelled to rely on the support of adjoming walls, and usually seeks 
a corner. Pl. Cl shows a chimney of this kind that has been built of 
masonry to the full height of a story. A similar example is shown in 
the foreground of Pl. Lxxvit. In Pl. xx1t may be seen a chimney of 
the full height of the adjoining story, but in this instance it is con- 
structed wholly of pots. Pl. Lxxxv illustrates a similar case indoors. 
The external chimney probably developed gradually from the simple 
roof opening, as previously noted. The raised combing about trap- 
doors or roof holes afforded the first suggestion in this direction. From 
this developed the square chimney, and finally the tall round shaft, 
crowned with a series of pots. The whole chimney, both internal and 
external, excluding only the primitive fireplace, is probably of compar- 
atively recent origin, and based on the foreign (Spanish) suggestion, 
GATEWAYS AND COVERED PASSAGES. 
Gateways, arranged for defense, occurin many of the more compactly- 
built ancient pueblos. Some of the passageways in the modern villages 
of Tusayan and Cibola resemble these older examples, but most of the 
narrow passages, giving access to the inner courts of the inhabited 
villages, are not the result of the defensive idea, but are formed by the 
crowding together of the dwellings. They oceur, as a rule, within the 
pueblo and not upon its periphery. Many of the terraces now face out- 
ward and are reached from the outside of the pueblo, being in marked 
contrast to the early arrangement, in which narrow passages to inclose 
