MINDELEFF. | GATEWAYS AND COVERED PASSAGES. 181 
courts were exclusively used for access. In the ground plans of seyeral 
villages occupied within historic times, but now ruined, vestiges of 
openings arranged on the original defensive plan may be traced. 
About midway on the northeast side of Awatubi fragments of a stand- 
ing wall were seen, apparently the two sides of a passageway to the 
inclosed court of the pueblo. The masonry is much broken down, how- 
ever, and no indication is afforded of the treatment adopted, nor do the 
remains indicate whether this entrance was originally covered or not. 
Tt is illustrated in Pl. cr. 
Other examples of this feature may be seen in the ground plans of 
Tebugkihu, Chukubi, and Payupki (Fig. 7, and Pls. x1 and x11). 
In the first of these the deep jambs of the opening are clearly de- 
fined, but in the other two only low mounds of débris suggest the gate- 
way. In the ancient Cibolan pueblos, including those on the mesa of 
Taaaiyalana, no remains of external gateways have been found; the 
plans suggest that the disposition of the various clusters approximated 
somewhat the irregwar arrangement of the present day. There are 
only occasional traces, as of a continuous defensive outer wall, such as 
those seen at Nutria and Pescado. In the pueblos of the Cibola group, 
ancient and modern, access to the inner portion of the pueblo was usually 
afforded at a numberof points. Inthe pueblo of Kin-tiel, however, occurs 
an excellent example of the defensive gateway. The jambs and cor- 
ners of the opening are finished with great neatness, as nay be seen in 
the illustration (Pl. cm). This gateway or passage was roofed over, 
and the rectangular depressions for the reception of cross-beams still 
contain short stumps, protected from destruction by the masonry. The 
masonry over the passageway in falling carried away part of the 
masonry above the jamb corner, thus indicating continuity of bond. 
The ground plan of this ruin (PI. Lx11) indicates clearly the various 
points at which access to the inner courts was obtained. On the east 
side a noticeable feature is the overlapping of the boundary wall of the 
south wing, forming an indirect entranceway. Theremains do not indi- 
cate that this passage, like the one just described, was roofed over. In 
some cases the modern passageways, as they follow the jogs and angles 
of adjoining rows of houses, display similar changes of direction. In 
Shupaulovi, which preserves most distinctly in its plan the idea of the 
inclosed court, the passageway at the south end of the village changes 
its direction at a right angle before emerging into the court (Pl. xxx). 
This arrangement was undoubtedly determined by the position of the 
terraces long before the passageway was rooted over and built upon. 
PI. xx shows the south passageway of Walpi; the entrances are made 
narrower than the rest of the passage by building buttresses of masonry 
at the sides. This was probably done to secure the necessary support 
for the north and south walls of the upper story. One of the walls, as 
may be seen in the illustration, rests directly upon a cross beam, strength- 
ened in this manner. 
