182 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
One of the smaller inclosed courts of Zuni, illustrated in Pl. LX xx11, 
is reached by means of two covered passages, bearing some general 
resemblance to the ancient defensive entrances, but these houses, reached 
from within the court, have also terraces without. The low passage 
shown in the figure has gradually been surmounted by rooms, reaching 
in some cases a height of three terraces above the openings; but the 
accumulated weight finally proved too much for the beams and sustain- 
ing walls—probably never intended by the builders to withstand the 
severe test afterwards put upon them—and following an unusually pro- 
tracted period of wet weather, the entire section of rooms above fell to 
the ground. This occurred since the surveying and photographing. 
It is rather remarkable that the frail adobe walls withstood-so long the 
unusual strain, or even that they sustained the addition of a top story 
at all. 
In the preceding examples the passageway was covered throughout 
its length by rooms, but cases occur in both Tusayan and Cibola in 
which only portions of the roof form the floor of superstructures. PI. 
CIV shows a passage roofed over beyond the two-story portion of the 
building for a sufficient distance to form a small terrace, upon which 
a ladder stands. Pl. xxi illustrates a similar arrangement on the 
west side of Walpi. The outer edges of these terraces are covered with 
coping stones and treated in the same manner as outer walls of lower 
rooms. In Zuni an example of this form of passage roof occurs be- 
tween two of the eastern house rows, where the rooms have not been 
subjected to the close crowding characteristic of the western clusters of 
the pueblo. 
DOORS. 
In Zuni many rooms of the ground story, which in early times must 
have been used largely for storage, have been converted into well- 
lighted, habitable apartments by the addition of external doors. In 
Tusayan this modification has not taken place to an equal extent, the 
distinctly defensive character of the first terrace reached by removable 
ladders being still preserved. In this province a doorway on the ground 
is always provided in building a house, but originally this space was 
not designed to be permanent; it was left merely for convenience of 
passing in and out during the construction, and was built up before the 
walls were completed. Of late years, however, such doorways are often 
preserved, and additional small openings are constructed for windows. 
In ancient times the larger doorways of the upper terraces were 
probably never closed, except by means of blankets or rabbit-skin robes 
hung over them in cold weather. Examples have been seen that seem 
to have been constructed with this object in view, for a slight pole, of 
the same kind as those used in the lintels, is built into the masonry of 
the jambs a few inches below the lintel proper. Openings imperfectly 
closed against the cold and wind were naturally placed in the lee walls 
to avoid the prevailing southwest winds, and the ground plans of the 
exposed mesa villages were undoubtedly influenced by this circumstance, 
