186 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
ings in the back walls of house rows, which still retain the defensive 
arrangement so marked in many of the ancient pueblos. In some 
instances doors occur in the second stories of unterraced walls, their 
sills being 5 or 6 feet above the ground. In such cases the doors are 
reached by ladders whose upper ends rest upon the sills. Elevated 
openings of this kind are closed in the usual manner with a rude, single- 
paneled door, which is often whitened with a coating of clayey gypsum. 
Caretully worked paneled doors are much more common in Zuni than 
in Tusayan, and within the latter province the villages of the first mesa 
make more extended use of this type of door, as they have come into 
more intimate contact with their eastern brethren than other villages of 
the group. Fig. 77 illustrates a portion of a Hano house in, which two 
wooden doors occur. These specimens indicate the rudeness of Tusayan 
workmanship. It will be seen that the workman who framed the upper 
one of these doors met with considerable difficulty in properly joining 
the two boards of the panel and in connecting these with the frame. 
The figure shows that at several points the door has been reenforced 
and strengthened by buckskin and rawhide thongs. The same device 
has been employed in the lower door, both in fastening together the two 
pieces of the panel and in attaching the latter to the framing. These 
doors also illustrate the customary manner of barring the door during 
the absence of the occupant of the house. 
The doorway is usually framed at the time the house is built. The 
sill is generally elevated above the ground outside and the floor inside, 
and the door openings, with a few exceptions, 
are thus practically only large windows. In this 
respect they follow the arrangement character- 
istic of the ancient pueblos, in which all the larger 
openings are window-like doorways. These are 
sometimes seen on the court margin of house 
rows, and frequently occur between communi- 
cating rooms within the cluster. They are usually 
raised about a foot and a half above the floor, 
and in some cases are provided with one or two 
steps. In Zuni, doorways between communicat- 
ing rooms, though now framed in wood, preserve 
Fic. 78. Framing of a Zuni the Same arrangement, aS may be seen in Pl. 
door-panel. LXXXVI. 
The side pieces of a paneled pueblo door are mortised, an achieve- 
ment far beyond the aboriginal art of these people. Fig. 78 illustrates 
the manner in which the framing is done. All the necessary grooving, 
and the preparation of the projecting tenons is laboriously executed 
with the most primitive tools, in many cases the whole frame, with all 
its joints, being cut out with a small knife. 
Doors are usually fastened by a simple wooden latch, the bar of which 
turns upon a wooden pin. They are opened from without by lifting the 
