MINDELEFF.] DOORWAYS. 187 
latch from its wooden catch by means of a string passed through a small 
hole in the door, and hanging outside. Some few doors are, however, pro- 
vided with a cumbersome wooden lock, operated by means of a square, 
notched stick that serves as a key. These locks are usually fastened 
to the inner side of the door by thongs of buckskin or rawhide, passed 
through small holes bored or drilled through the edge of the lock, and 
through the stile and panel of the door at corresponding points. The 
entire mechanism consists of wood and strings joined together in the 
rudest manner. Primitive as this device is, however, its conception is 
far in advance of the aboriginal culture of the pueblos, and both it and 
the string latch must have come from without. The lock was probably 
a contrivance of the early Mormons, as it is evidently roughly modeled 
after a metallic lock. 
Many doors having no permanent means of closure are still in use. 
These are very common in Tusayan, and occur also in Cibola, particu- 
larly in the farming pueblos. The open front of the “tupubi” or bal- 
cony-like recess, seen so frequently at the ends of first-terrace roofs in 
Tusayan, is often constructed with a transom-like arrangement in con- 
nection with the girder supporting the edge of the roof, in the same 
manner in which doorways proper are treated. Pl. xxxir illustrates ¢ 
balcony in which one bounding side is formed by a flight of stone steps, 
producing a notched or terraced effect. The supporting girder in this 
instance is embedded in the wall and coated over with adobe, obscuring 
the construction. Fig. 79 shows a rude transom over the supporting 
beam of a balcony roof in the principal house of Hano. The upper 
doorway shown in this house has been partly walled in, reducing its 
size somewhat. It is also provided with a small horizontal opening 
over the main lintel, which, like the doorway, has been partly filled with 
masonry. This upper transom often seems to have resulted from carry- 
ing such openings to the full height of the story. The transom probably 
originated from the spaces left between the ends of beams resting on 
the main girder that spanned the principal opening (see Fig. 81). Some- 
what similar balconies are seen in Cibola, both in Zuni and in the farm- 
ing villages, but they do not assume so much importance as in Tusayan. 
An example is shown in PI. C1, in which the construction of this feature 
is clearly visible. 
In the remains of the ancient pueblos there is no evidence of the use 
of the half-open terrace rooms described above. If such rooms existed, 
especially if constructed in the open manner of the Tusayan examples, 
they must have been among the first to succumb to destruction. The 
comparative rarity of this feature in Zuni does not necessarily indicate 
that itis not of native origin, as owing to the exceptional manner of 
clustering and to prolonged exposure to foreign influence, this pueblo 
exhibits a wider departure from the ancient type than do any of the 
Tusayan villages. It is likely that the ancient builders, trusting to the 
double protection of the inclosed court and the defensive first terrace, 
