MINDELEFF.] DOORWAYS. 191 
ways, illustrated above, are provided with transom openings extending 
from one roof beam to another. In the absence of a movable door the 
openings were made of the smallest size consistent with convenient use. 
The stepped form was very likely suggested by the temporary partial 
blocking up of an opening with loose, flat stones in such a manuer as 
Fia. 84. A Tusayan notched doorway. 
to least impair its use. This is still quite commonly done, large open- 
ings being often seen in which the lower portion on one or both sides is 
narrowed by means of adobe bricks or stones loosely piled up. In this 
connection it may be noted that the secondary lintel pole, previously 
described as occurring in both ancient and modern doorways, serves the 
additional purpose of a hand-hold when supplies are brought into the 
house on the backs of the occupants. The stepping of the doorway, 
while diminishing its exposed area, does not interfere with its use in 
bringing in large bundles, etc. Series of steps, picked into the faces 
of the cliffs, and affording access to cliff dwellings, frequently have a 
supplementary series of narrow and deep cavities that furnish a secure 
hold for the hands. The requirements of the precipitous environment 
of these people have led to the carrying of loads of produce, fuel, ete., 
on the back by means of a suspending band passed across the forehead ; 
